Ms. Onika Maraj s Personality Essay - 1603 Words

The subject of this psychobiography is Ms. Onika Maraj or more commonly known as Nicki Minaj. Nicki Minaj is a Rapper and Singer who was born in Saint James, Trinidad and Tobago on December 8, 1982. Nicki Minaj had a tumultuous childhood moving from Saint James to Queens New York at a young age. Along with the difficult move early on in her childhood she also suffered the effects of having a parent addicted to drugs and alcohol. This coupled with his anger issues lead to her suffering the devastating loss of her childhood home and possessions. She however, would overcome that and continue on in life to achieve the success she has today. In order to hone her skills Nicki Minaj would spend much time dedicating herself to her craft in an effort to reach success. Nicki Minaj’s personality can be best characterized through the sex and gender theoretical perspective. This theoretical perspective states that men and women’s personalities tend to differ from one another at various points based on how women and men are treated in society. This theoretical perspective discusses how men and women’s behavior differ and how this behavioral difference can be attributed to how society views the sexes. Sex and gender has had a large impact on society as a whole which in turn has had an impact on Nicki Minaj’s personality. This has effected how Nicki Minaj views herself as a whole and also has put into perspective how society views her which allows her to be more aware of herself. Working in

How Cleanliness Can Influence Life of Kazi Zawad Badruddoza Free Essays

Whereas the cleanliness is relate well to the aspects in our life. There is some reason why cleanliness is important to our life. Cleanliness influences our health, controlling our mood and then keeps the relationship with our friends. We will write a custom essay sample on How Cleanliness Can Influence Life of Kazi Zawad Badruddoza or any similar topic only for you Order Now The clothes and the pants which we wear must be clean so that no more germs that can affect allergy like irritation. The food and the drink which we consume must be clean from microbes to prevent risk of illness like stomach ache, diarrhoea and many more. Then, the objects around us it should be clean from dust so we not experience the respiration illness. With kept our cleanliness so that our life must be healthy. Another reason we must watch cleanliness because the cleanliness can controlling our mood. Cleanliness makes us feel fresh and comfortable. A clean room makes us feel freshness because all of the objects are clean and free of dust so that the air is fresh. Its floor is clean so there are no bacteria or microbes and we can do the activities without worried about hygiene problem. Cleanliness can be regarded as personal or environmental. These habits ensure that a person would stay fit and healthy for a long time so you will not be force to use those anti aging treatments or some sort of surgery. These habits help us in developing an ideal and healthy life style which makes our lives even more delightful and joyous. Lesser effort would result in more success if a person has healthy mind and a healthy mind can only exist in a healthy Cleanliness is one of the good qualities. It is a part of our civilization. A man of dirty habits is far from civilization. So, with the progress of civilization man cleans himself more and more. He cleans his body. He cleans his mind and heart. He cleans all his action and manners. He cleans his soul. This will lead him to the highest form of civilization. But on the cleanliness of body, depend all other cleanings. Hence, cleanliness is considered so important. How to cite How Cleanliness Can Influence Life of Kazi Zawad Badruddoza, Essays

Law for Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Law for Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd. Answer: The contract for service and contract of service though may sound similar but are not the same as each other. In a contract of service the relationship between the parties is that of an employee and an employer. On the other hand contract for service is of an independent contract, the relationship that exists between them is that of an independent contractor and an engager. Though this might seem straightforward however there still remains confusion as to differentiation between the two. As has been stated by the, then, Australian Industrial Relations Commission in the case of Sammartino v Mayne Nickless Toleration of an amorphous contractual distinction being used to shield arrangements that are not materially different, serves to encourage anomalies in the operation of the [applicable] regulatory regime (Sammartino v Mayne Nickless, [2000]). The central issue has been highlighted by AIRC in categorizing the relationships in a work environment, the fact that there still does not exi st a practical and accepted legal test for distinguishing the employees. Though the operation of legislations related to workplace both the State and Commonwealth are tied to their being a relationship of employment between the parties, while the main concern of the proposed Independent Contractors Bill 2006 is the independent contractors conduct (Creighton and Stewart, 2016). There is however, nowhere, an attempt of defining either the term independent contractor or the term employee. beyond the meaning that it holds under common law. It is essential thus to always keep turning to common law for determining the nature of relationship of work between the parties. There is no single conclusive test that exists in when it comes to the classification of relationship which as mentioned by the AIRC is the central problem when it comes to defining relationships. The control test was the traditional test that was used for determining whether there existed a employer employee relationship. It depended on how and to what extent the control was exercised what was essential was the actual exercise and the degree of control (Pittard, Naughton and McCallum, 2003). This control test however, is no longer useful and has eroded over time as in may modern situation the skill of the employee exceeds the employers expertise (Creighton et al., 2016). Thus there may be a significant amount of autonomy that is given to the employee for the exercise of these skills. There is in practice a multi factor approach that is used by courts. In other words there is no one test that determines the relationship but the totality of the situation is observed by the court. Though, control is essential there are other elements apart from control which are observed (Sappideen et al., 2016). In the case of Performing Right Society Ltd v Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd the factors which are considered in connection with determining the work relationship between the band and the defendant as had been disclosed in writing by the parties where that, of regular working hours indicated employment; fixed employment period though inconclusive suggested that there was employment; dictation of place of work though inconclusive suggested that there was employment; demand of exclusivity of service indicated employment; right of dismissing summarily for breach of reasonable requirement or instruction this is associated traditionally with employment; dominant, detailed and continuous control on everything including the music that was to be played indicated employment (Performing Right Society Ltd v Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd, [1924]). These factors were weighed and it was opined that the band was an employee. The court in reaching this opinion stated that It seems, however, reasonably clear that the final test, if there be a final test, and certainly the test to be generally applied, lies in the nature and degree of detailed control over the person alleged to be a servant. The traditional emphasis being placed on control was apparent in this case. There were however, other factors which were being considered.common law There, however, has been a change in this test and the High Court in the case of Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd placed into perspective the control test stating that though the fact that control existed is significant however, it is not the only criteria for gauging whether the relationship is of an independent contractor or an employee (Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd, [1986]). It was regarded as merely an indicator and reinforced this point by stating that Control is not now regarded as the only relevant factor. Rather it is the totality of the relationship between the parties which must be considered. In this case the multi indica test was highlighted by the High Court wherein it stated that The existence of control, whilst significant, is not the sole criterion by which to gauge whether a relationship is one of employment. Other relevant matters include, but are not limited to, the mode of remuneration, the provision and maintenance of equipment, the obligation to work, the hours of work and provision of holidays, the deduction of income tax and the delegation of work by the putative employee (Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd, [1986]). It further stated that It is 'no longer sufficient to consider only the extent to which the employer may exercise control (whether actual or the authority to do so) over those sought to be characterised as employees'. However, it must be noted that in most cases it is still appropriate to apply the 'control test' in the first instance because it remains the surest guide to whether a person is contracting independently or serving as an employee (Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd, [1986]). This approach that the High Court adopted was confirmed further in the decisions of Vabu and Sweeney. In the case of Vabu the High Court decided ultimately that the courier was Hollis v Vabu employee thus making Vabu liable vicariously for the negligence of the courier. The High Court in determining Mr. Holliss claim disagreed with the conclusion that was reached by court of appeal and stated that too much of an emphasis was placed on the maintenance and ownership of the bicycles by the courier and providing of their own equipment (Hollis v Vabu, [2001]). The indica that was referred to by the court for determining the relationship was that there was no or little control which the couriers had regarding the performance of their job; a uniform was required to be worn by the couriers presenting them as emanation of Vabu before the public; the dangers to the pedestrians was known to Vabu presented by the couriers however, there was a failure to adopt any personal identification by public of individual couriers by any mean; couriers finances were administered by Vabu there was no scope o ffered for bargaining the remuneration by the couriers and there was limited scope for the couriers to undertake enterprise of their own (Collins, 2010). Therefore the fact that the couriers were required to supply equipment and transport on their own was not determinative (Riley, 2007). In this case departing from the judgment of the majority it was found by Justice McHugh that the worker was neither an employee nor an independent contract, however, there would be vicarious liability on the employer for the conduct of the worker. The view that was expressed by him that this case was not such wherein the definition of independent contractor or employee should be expanded for including couriers/worker roles. According to him the couriers were neither employees nor were they independent contractors. His honor instead stated that there was an opportunity which was provided by this case for adapting the vicarious liability doctrine to fit better the workplace environment in the modern times (Stewart, 2015). It was stated by him It is true that the couriers employed by Vabu are neither employees nor independent contractors in the strict sense. But there is no reason in policy for upholding the strict classification of employees and non-employees in the law of vicarious liability and depriving Mr Hollis of compensation. Rather than expanding the definition of employee or accepting the employee/independent contractor dichotomy, the preferable cause is to hold that employers can be vicariously liable for the tortious conduct of agents who are neither employees nor independent contractors. Thus stating in this case that the worker who defaulted was neither an employee or an independent contract, but should have been probably categorised as the employers agent, thus nevertheless making the employer negligent under vicarious liability. In the later decision of High Court in the case of Sweeney v Boylan Nominees Pty Ltd there were similar considerations that arose where the majority rejected the wider application of the vicarious liability principle which was advocated in Vabu by McHugh J. It was held in this case by majority that Boylan was not liable vicariously for the mechanics actions because he 'did what he did not as an employee... but as a principal pursuing his own business or as an employee of his own company pursuing its business'. The majority in its joint judgment stated that The wider proposition that underpinned the argument of the [plaintiff], that if A 'represents' B, B is vicariously liable for the conduct of A, is a proposition of such generality that it goes well beyond the bounds set by notions of control (with old, and now imperfect analogies of servitude) or set by notions of course of employment.Those bounds should not now be redrawn in the manner asserted by the appellant (Sweeney v Boylan Nominees Pty Ltd, [2006]). This opinion was dissented by Justice Kirby who stated that the changing social scenario was to be kept in mind which were affecting the employments economic activities or in contemporary Australia quasi-employment. If reliance was placed on the recognized exceptions, which is quite narrow, then the rule in general discussed, there would be a liability that Boylan would have towards the plaintiff based on the fact that the mechanic represented as an agent of the party who was sued, performing the functions of the party and advancing the economic interest that it has, as part of its enterprise effectively (Burnett, 2007). It is also important to mention the test of economic dependence, this test although has not received much support from the courts, it may still be essential for considering when determining if an individual is an independent contractor or an employee (Lawlor and Willey, 2017). This test requires that there should be an examination in the economic relationship of the practical reality rather than scrutinizing the terms in details on which the engagement of the worker was done formerly. It is is only if the worker is in business on their account or is operating as an 'independent economic unit' (Price and Neilsen, 2009). It can be stated that in Hollis v Vabu the High Court was leaning towards this test when discussing on the matters relating to the engagement of the courier left the courier with limited scope of engaging in a business enterprise of its own. A clear example of this can be viewed in Gray Js judgment in the case of Re Porter: A party may be described as an independent contractor, and the contract may even provide expressly that he or she is at liberty to provide services to other persons, outside of the contract. The reality may be that economic considerations dictate that work will only be accepted from the other party to the contract... In such circumstances, there is no particular reason why a court should ignore the practical circumstances, and cling to the theoretical niceties. The level of economic dependence of one party upon another, and the manner in which that economic dependence may be exploited, will always be relevant factors in the determination whether a particular contract is one of employment (Re Porter, [1989]). There are various indicator to the multiple indica test and the list is in no means exhaustive the Fair Work Act 2009 and the Independent Contractors Act 2006 protect the entitlement and rights of independent contractors. It states that the difference between the independent contractor and an employee can be based on various factors. There is no one single factor which could determine if an individual is a contractor or an employee. Each case has to be looked into by the courts and the decision is to be given based totally on the relationship that exists between the parties. Some of them include intention of the party as to the relationship type, capacity to exercise or exercise of control over the manner of work and work performed, work undertaken for others or not if it is exclusive working, control over work hours, if there is a set of minimum and maximum hours, if tools and equipments are provided, if it is required for the employer to work in the business premises, if the employ ee is subject to be dismissed at the employers initiation and such other indicators (Waarden, 2010). In view of the above I agree to the fact that the central issue that has been highlighted by AIRC with respect to categorizing the relationships in a work environment and the fact that there still does not exist a practical and accepted legal test for distinguishing the employees is to a large extent true. Though Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd. introduced the principle of multi-factor test where there is analysis of the terms of contract of the party for indicating whether there was an independent contract or an employer employee relationship: income tax being deducted from the salary and set days and hours of work indicate that there is a relationship of employment, whereas the ability of delegation, the maintenance and provision of equipment, payment by way of task and there being no obligation mentioned clearly for being present for work indicate a relationship of independent contractor. These indicas are then weighed for obtaining the type of contracts overall impressio n. However these indicators can lead to different results as discussed and there can be contradicting views for the application of the test and how the relationship is to be determined (Wheelwright, 2003). In Australia it has been long accepted that even when there is express intention by the parties for creating an independent contract the courts will look beyond these contractual terms expressly mentioned for examining the relationships reality. The courts in doing so are applying the principle of equity which does not look into form but into substance. However as observed above in different cases though there different responses to the principle of multiple indica that is being observed by the Australian courts there is not yet a coherent body of law which would be able to clarify these broad principles that exist (Owens and Riley, 2017). This leads to contradicting views in the modern workplace relationship for defying relationships as independent contractors or employees. References Burnett, J. (2007). Avoiding Difficult Questions: Vicarious Liability and Independent Contractors in Sweeney v Boylan Nominees. Sydney Law Review, 162(129). Collins, H. (2010). Employment Law. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. Creighton, B. and Stewart, A. (2016). Labour Law: An Introduction. 6th ed. Federation Press. Creighton, W., Stewart, A., Forsyth, A., Irving, M., Johnstone, R. and McCrystal, S. (2016). Creighton Stewart's labour law. 6th ed. Federation Press. Dennis-Escoffier, S. (2016). Employee or Independent Contractor. Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 27(3), pp.101-104. Hollis v Vabu [2001]207 CLR 21. Lawlor, L. and Willey, S. (2017). Are Your Workers Employees or Independent Contractors? Three Exercises to Help Students Accurately Classify Workers. Journal of Legal Studies Education, 34(2), pp.167-205. Owens, R. and Riley, J. (2017). The Law of Work. 2nd ed. Oxford. Performing Right Society Ltd v Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd [1924]1 KB 762. Pittard, M., Naughton, R. and McCallum, R. (2003). Australian labour law. Australia: LexisNexis Butterworths. Price, R. and Neilsen, J. (2009). Employment law in principle. Sydney: Lawbook Co. Re Porter [1989]34IR 179. Riley, J. (2007). Employees or Contractors? Engaging Staff Following Work Choices, and in the Light of the Proposed Independent Contractors Legislation. SSRN Electronic Journal. Sammartino v Mayne Nickless [2000]98 IR 168 (at [46]). Sappideen, C., O'Grady, P., Riley, J. and Smith, B. (2016). Macken's law of employment. 8th ed. Lawbook Co. Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd (1986) [1986]160 CLR 16. Stewart, A. (2015). Stewart's guide to employment law. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press. Sweeney v Boylan Nominees Pty Ltd [2006]HCA 19. Waarden, N. (2010). Employment Law. 2nd ed. Lexis Nexis. Wheelwright, K. (2003). Labour law. Sydney: LexisNexis Butterworths

Live At The Acropolis free essay sample

If you are a new age music fan, a classical music fan, or even if you just like the sound of orchestral instruments like the piano, violin, and the drums, like me, you will enjoy Yannis music. This music is unmatched and unique sounding because of the interesting combination of instruments. Besides the traditional orchestra, drums, bass guitar and synthesizers are added. This produces a gripping, full sound. There is also an extra, special effect made by the synthesizers. The setting of this performance also has influence over the effect of the music on you. In this album, Yanni has returned to his native country of Greece to perform. In every song, you can hear a mystical echo. This is the effect the Acropolis has over the music. The songs are all brilliantly written. All parts of the revised orchestra seem to flow together. Almost all of the main themes are played on a piano by Yanni, and are accompanied by the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra. We will write a custom essay sample on Live At The Acropolis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, if you happen to play an instrument like the piano (like me), you can really get into the melodic flow of some of the songs. You can also appreciate Yannis wonderful talent. He writes all of the music on all of his CDs. If you need a musical change, try this out. There are loud, booming songs and songs that can put you to sleep. And even if you dont like this one, there are many other Yanni albums to choose from.You may be surprised!! .

Free Essays on The Runaway Jury

The Runaway Jury John Grisham, author of The Runaway Jury, is considered by many as the â€Å"king of the legal thriller† (Runaway). He brings a background to his writing that earns him this title honestly. Born February 8, 1955, in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Grisham grew up with hopes of becoming a professional baseball player. Some time later he realized that he was not talented enough for the job, so he enrolled in college. After graduating from the University of Mississippi, he attended law school and in 1981, earned a law degree. He practiced law for nearly a decade, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation. During this time, his interest turned to politics, and in 1983, he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives where he served two terms (John). While in office, Grisham began writing his first novel, A Time to Kill, which was published in 1989. With that book’s success, he decided to give up his job as a politician to become a full-time nov elist, publishing a book nearly every year from that time on. The Runaway Jury, his seventh book, was published in 1996 (Grisham). In all, Grisham has written fifteen books. Six of those books have been made into movies (Movies). Currently in production, â€Å"Runaway Jury† is expected to be released in 2003 (Yahoo). In 1996, Grisham returned to the courtroom one last time, this time to represent the family of a railroad brakeman who was killed when he was pinned between two of the railcars. This resulted in Grisham’s biggest win to date with an award of $683,500 to his client (John). Even when Grisham is not writing, he is extremely busy. He divides his time between his family, charity work and refereeing on one of the six ball fields he built for the twenty-six Little League teams in his area. The Runaway Jury is the story of a tobacco trial set in Biloxi, Mississippi, and is loosely based upon a tobacco suit brought years earlier in ... Free Essays on The Runaway Jury Free Essays on The Runaway Jury The Runaway Jury John Grisham, author of The Runaway Jury, is considered by many as the â€Å"king of the legal thriller† (Runaway). He brings a background to his writing that earns him this title honestly. Born February 8, 1955, in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Grisham grew up with hopes of becoming a professional baseball player. Some time later he realized that he was not talented enough for the job, so he enrolled in college. After graduating from the University of Mississippi, he attended law school and in 1981, earned a law degree. He practiced law for nearly a decade, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation. During this time, his interest turned to politics, and in 1983, he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives where he served two terms (John). While in office, Grisham began writing his first novel, A Time to Kill, which was published in 1989. With that book’s success, he decided to give up his job as a politician to become a full-time nov elist, publishing a book nearly every year from that time on. The Runaway Jury, his seventh book, was published in 1996 (Grisham). In all, Grisham has written fifteen books. Six of those books have been made into movies (Movies). Currently in production, â€Å"Runaway Jury† is expected to be released in 2003 (Yahoo). In 1996, Grisham returned to the courtroom one last time, this time to represent the family of a railroad brakeman who was killed when he was pinned between two of the railcars. This resulted in Grisham’s biggest win to date with an award of $683,500 to his client (John). Even when Grisham is not writing, he is extremely busy. He divides his time between his family, charity work and refereeing on one of the six ball fields he built for the twenty-six Little League teams in his area. The Runaway Jury is the story of a tobacco trial set in Biloxi, Mississippi, and is loosely based upon a tobacco suit brought years earlier in ...

Charlie Chaplin

They were shown with piano or organ accompaniment, sound effects, and subtitles. Comedy was the most popular type of movies during this time of films. The humor in these films were very slapstick-meaning people thought it was funny when someone fell on a banana peel or got a custard pie in the face. Buster Keating, Laurel Hardy, and Charlie Chaplin were some famous comedians. Many Canadians regularly attended one of the 900 movie theaters across Canada. Mary Pickoffs was a famous actress in the sass.Mary Pickoffs was a legendary silent film actress and was known as Americas sweetheart. She was a founder of United Artists and helped establish the Academy. Mary Pickoffs was born on April 8, 1892, in Toronto. In 1909, she appeared in 40 movies for D. W. Griffith American Biography company. She also worked as a producer and co-founded United Artists, with Charlie Chaplin, and Douglas Fairbanks, Sir. , who would become her second husband. Pickoffs retired from the screen In 1933 but continued to produce.She died In 1979. Sports Canadian sport In the sass was booming. People followed famous players Like Babe Ruth In baseball, Bobby Jones In golf and Howe Moreno In hockey. Medal really helped sports In Canada. Newspapers remoter all sporting events and magazines such as Manacles used sports articles. Radio and film started to use sports too. Baseball was the most popular summer sport In Canada. Every community had a baseball diamond and a team. The National Hockey League was established In 1917. There were only 5 teams, two In Montreal, one In Toronto, one In Ottawa and one In Quebec City. Professional hockey was becoming popular south of the border, but most hockey players were still Canadian. Music and Dancing Jazz was the music of the sass. Arlington with musicians In New Orleans. This style of music spread across the united States and North Canada. Some of the famous Jazz musicians were Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, and Duke Longtime. Jazz music evolved through the decade. Soon there were genres of the music Like the blues and swing.Jazz music encouraged daring and energetic dances one of the most popular dances was called the Charleston. The Image above Is some people doing the Charleston. Entertainment In The sass By bioinformatics Entertainment in the sass By Joshua Abandons from the screen in 1933 but continued to produce. She died in 1979. Canadian sport in the sass was booming. People followed famous players like Babe Ruth in baseball, Bobby Jones in golf and Howe Moreno in hockey. Media really helped sports in Canada. Newspapers sport in Canada.Every community had a baseball diamond and a team. The National Hockey League was established in 1917. There were only 5 teams, two in Montreal, one in Toronto, one in Ottawa and one in Quebec City. Professional hockey was Jazz was the music of the sass. Originating with musicians in New Orleans. This style of music spread across the United States and North Canada. Some of the Jazz music evolved through the decade. Soon there were genres of the music like the of the most popular dances was called the Charleston.

Motivation and Demotivation in the Workplace Essay

Motivation and Demotivation in the Workplace - Essay Example Furthermore, all people do not give equal weight to each category needs. Each person is different and has a distinctive personality. Herzberg's motivation theory is the most accepted theory. The theory is based on the outcome of a research according to which there are two major categories, the ones that please us and the ones that dissatisfy us: Hygiene factors: company policy, interpersonal relations, working conditions, social security, wage. Motivation factors: recognition, responsibility, promotion, development, the subject of work. If motivation factors such as encouragingemployees, rewarding them, or increasing their responsibilities do not exist then employees will shift to non-job related 'hygiene' factors. In general, employees can be motivated when: 1. They can manage and plan their work 2. They have a variety of tasks 3. They are not micro-managed 4. They often change tasks and positions 5. They have increased responsibilities 6.The manager grants full power and not fragmented tasks 7. They are free and independent 8. The manager inspires loyalty, zeal and dedication. What constitutes good leadership and why is it important that managers understand the relationship between management and motivation. Leadership is a way of motivating a group to enable them to achieve their aims. It also involves being responsible for the group as a whole. A leader is either appointed by the senior levels of management or elected by the group. However, it has been argued that a leader can not have all the skills required therefore the optimum will be to have as a leader someone who is flexible but when it is required s/he will let the leadership to the others. Although no ultimate definition of...Furthermore, all people do not give equal weight to each category needs. Each person is different and has a distinctive personality. Herzberg's motivation theory is the most accepted theory. The theory is based on the outcome of a research according to which there are two major categories, the ones that please us and the ones that dissatisfy us: In general, employees can be motivated when: 1. They can manage and plan their work 2. They have a variety of tasks 3. They are not micro-managed 4. They often change tasks and positions 5. They have increased responsibilities 6.The manager grants full power and not fragmented tasks 7. They are free and independent 8. The manager inspires loyalty, zeal and dedication. However, it has been argued that a leader can not have all the skills required therefore the optimum will be to have as a leader someone who is flexible but when it is required s/he will let the leadership to the others. A general definition would be that "a leader is someone who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal". There are 3Ps that are related with the term "leader" and these are: People, Purpose and Person.

Electrical Aplication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Electrical Aplication - Essay Example In a typical VCM plant these are initially reacted together to form an important process intermediate, ethylene dichloride (EDC). 2.) an EDC cracking unit, in which EDC is thermally decomposed into VCM and hydrogen chloride. The hydrogen chloride is recycled as feedstock to a further stage, the oxychlorination unit, while unconverted EDC is separated and recycled. The VCM is purified for use in PVC production. 3.) an oxychlorination unit, in which recycled hydrogen chloride is reacted with further ethylene feedstock in the presence of copper chloride catalyst and oxygen. This produces further quantities of EDC, while excess hydrogen is oxidised to form water. VCM is polymerised in large scale batch reactors in the presence of water, initiators (catalysts) and other additives. The suspended droplets of liquid monomer are progressively converted to solid or porous PVC particles, depending on grade. Unreacted VCM is stripped from the polymer, and water is separated by centrifuging. The polymer is then dried, typically in fluidised bed drying equipment. Suspension PVC is used for virtually all extrusion, injection moulding and film making processes. Individual grades are characterised by their melt flow properties and their suitability for rigid (unplasticised) or flexible (plasticised) applications. The polymerisation stage involves an emulsion of very fine droplets of VCM in water, and the process forms a stable emulsion, or latex, of polymer in water. After the removal of unreacted monomer, the water is removed by evaporation in spray drying equipment. PVC compounds are prepared by blending PVC resin with additives to give the required properties in the fabricated finished product. The additives, which include plasticisers, stabilisers, lubricants, fillers, impact modifiers and pigments, will make the PVC either flexible or rigid. In the calendering process, the PVC mixture is initially melted in the gap between two

Target age groups Essay Example for Free

Target age groups Essay Magazines are there as entertainment purpose and also to give information if one is interested on a specific topic like `Auto Trader which is aimed at a readership that is interested in buying cars or `Elle which is a fashion magazine. I wanted to investigate how the language varies in magazines aimed at females in different age groups and I plan to investigate this by getting magazines and analyzing a text to find common and different linguistical features like the semantic, lexical, grammatical and pragmatic choices used in the magazines to attract the target audience. The three magazines I shall be using are `Elle, `Sugar and `Go Girl which are all aimed at different readerships. I carried out a survey to find out the age group range for all three magazines. I think I shall find that the `Elle magazine uses less informal vocabulary, and has long complex sentences as the readership have a greater understanding and are more developed in their vocabulary than the target audience for `Sugar and `Go Girl who are still developing their vocabulary. Another difference I think I may find is the exclusive lexis used in `Sugar as it is aimed at teenagers who tend to use a lot of slang. In `Go Girl I feel that I shall find the sentences will be short and simple and the vocabulary will also be simple. This could be because the readers of this magazine are young girls who may find it difficult to understand long complicated sentences and have not yet come across such complex words and are still developing their vocabulary. Methodology: The three magazines I took into consideration are: `Elle which is supposed to be the worlds best-selling fashion magazine as stated on the magazine is the first magazine I chose in my investigation . It is a magazine for those who want to know how to look beautiful sophisticated and be up-to date on the latest trends and fashion. `Sugar which is said to be Britains best-selling girls magazine as it says on the cover is the second magazine I chose to use for my investigation. It is aimed at teenage girls but does not have a specific purpose like `Elle which is a fashion magazine. `Sugar is a magazine with articles on everything from clothes to music, make-up, gossip and problem pages. The last magazine is called `Go Girl which is aimed at a younger female readership is also like `Sugar which has articles girls like to read about such as what is going on in the lives of famous popstars? , fashion, gossip and other articles. First I got the same month issue for all three magazines, that is the July issue and carried out a survey on the target audience by asking girls what age group would read the three magazines. From my survey `Elle is found to be aimed at an audience from eighteen years and upwards, `Sugar is aimed at thirteen to seventeen year olds and `Go Girl for ages eight to twelve. Then I took the same type of article from all three magazines i. e. the monthly Horoscopes and decided to analyze the different linguistic features like Latinate words, colloquial words, slang words, clippings/abbreviations, the types of sentences and pragmatics. Analysis: Lexis This is to do with the choice of vocabulary used. Ive divided this section into Latinate words, colloquial words, slang words and clippings/abbreviations. The choices of lexis in all three magazines are found to be different, as there is a difference in the ages of the readership. However there are similarities in the lexis because the text I have used from all three magazines are on the same topic. The words used in Horoscopes are personal, tend to appeal to ones emotions and convey opinions on ones life. This could be because the purpose of horoscopes is to predict what will happen in the future and try to guide people on what they should do to improve their life or to avoid doing something wrong. So there will be some similarities like the use of nouns and adjective as well as the words semantically linked to astrology and time (which is also linked to astrology)(as shown in diagram1 and 2). Latinate words These are words that are derived from Latin and are usually used in texts that are important like in legal documents or in texts that are for an audience who are educated to show either importance, authority, intelligence or sophistication. I took two sections from all three articles randomly (around 120 words) and listed the number of Latinate words found in each. I found that in the first text from `Elle magazine there were more Latinate words used than in the other two. (as shown in the table 1 in appendix).

Zarathustras Prologue and Three Species :: essays research papers

Summary of â€Å"Zarathustra’s Prologue and Three Species†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the story a man named Zarathustra who was thirty years of age had left his home to go live in the mountains. He had lived in solitude of the mountains for ten years. The text said, â€Å"He enjoyed his spirit and his solitude, and for ten years he did not become weary of it.† I believe that Zarathustra move to the mountains and lived a solitary life to get more in touch with himself. He probably wanted to get to know himself more spiritually. Until one day he finally decided to leave his life of solitude and begin another journey of his own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During his journey down the mountain, Zarathustra did not encounter anyone. All of that began to change as Zarathustra was walking through a forest and encountered an old man. The old man began to speak to Zarathustra. It had seemed like the old man had met Zarathustra many years ago; he believed that he had changed after living a life of solitude. I believed the old man caught on to the fact that Zarathustra was leaving the mountains, and assumed that he was going to back to civilization. The old man told Zarathustra, â€Å"You floated in the sea of solitude. Alas, will you go ashore?† When the old man said that, he meant that Zarathustra was finally going to be among other people for the first time in along time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After journeying through the forest, Zarathustra had finally arrived at a town. He noticed that many people where gathered around a marketplace waiting for a rope dancer to perform.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zarathustra decided to speak to the people. He wanted to teach the people the way of the superman. He made a lot of deep philosophical points about the superman. It seem like no matter how much he tried to prove his point to the people of that town, he just could not get to them. All they did was laugh and ridicule him. Because of this, it made him sad. Zarathustra mentioned, â€Å"They do not understand me; I am not the mouth for these ears.† He started to think the reason behind this is that he had lived in the mountains for too long. He believed living in mountains had made his soul calm and clear, and that is the reason the people do not understand him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will briefly talk about one the three speeches.

Emergency Management Essay

The 9/11 tragedy has left a mark on history. In fact, there are many researches and investigative studies that are yet to unveil the truth and flaws behind this tragic event. This unfortunate turn of events has indeed led to controversies and debates on multiple levels hanging too many questions at the back of our minds that are yet to be answered. Yet, this also led to our consciousness in terrorism and how we can effectively prevent it. This research aims to give the readers concise details with regards to the 9/11 tragedy and provide a better understanding concerning this issue. Looking back: 9/11 attacks September 11, 2001– the day when the world witnessed a horrifying and unbearable scene as a terrorist plot was executed to bring terror in the country. Terrorists associated with al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger aircraft and used it as weapons for terrorism acts with New York and Washington DC as their main targets. The first two aircraft, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 were plummeted into the twin towers of the renowned World Trade Center in New York City. The third aircraft, American Airlines Flight 77 then punctured a hole at the Pentagon leaving nearly 3000 lifeless bodies on the spot. The fourth airliner, United Airlines Flight 93 on the other hand, crashed into a field near Shanksville after the attempt of passengers and crew members to take control of the plane as revealed on its black box recordings. Sadly, there are no known survivors from any of the flights. Minutes after the appalling attacks, New York City fire companies and crews were sent to the site to give further assistance to the victims and affected civilians. Almost 200 units were deployed by the FDNY and more than 400 firefighters to help them. Paramedics and medical assistance also stand by on the scene. Unfortunately, a total of 411 emergency workers died as they perform their duties. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) lost 341 firefighters and 2 paramedics. The New York City Police Department on the other hand lost 23 officers. The Port Authority Police Department also lost 37 officers while EMS lost 8. It took months to complete the recovery. Amidst the grief of this tragic event, speculations started to arise as to who, why and how this unfortunate tragedy marked the history. Behind the Plot: Revealing the people involved The tragic 9/11 attacks showcased an evident act of terrorism. It was said to be associated with a terrorist group al-Qaeda. Al Qaeda dated way back 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan as headed by Osama Bin Laden. The idea of the 9/11 attacks came from a certain Khalid Sheikh Mohammed who presented the idea to Bin Laden in 1996. During that time, Bin Laden and Al Qaeda have just transferred to Afghanistan from Sudan. In late 1998 to early 1999, the terrorist group leader gave approval to Mohammed to pursue the plot. Together with Mohammed Atef, Bin Laden and Mohammed had several meetings concerning their plot. Bin Laden even provided leadership and financial support for the plot. He was also responsible for choosing Mohammed Atta as the lead hijacker. As many as 27 members of the said group participated in this terrifying plot. The attacks were consistently holding on the mission statement of al-Qaeda, â€Å"Slay the Pagans wherever ye find them† as quoted in the Koran. Bin Laden interpreted the said quote in his â€Å"Letter to America† of October 2002: â€Å"you are the worst civilization witnessed by the history of mankind. You are the nation who, rather than ruling by the Shariah of Allah in its Constitution and Laws, choose to invent your own laws as you will and desire. You separate religion from your policies, contradicting the pure nature which affirms absolute authority to the Lord and your Creator. † Thus leading to the execution of the terrifying 9/11 attacks. After the attacks, Bin Laden initially denied any involvement in the said incident. But after further investigation, Bin Laden publicly acknowledged Al-Qaeda’s involvement in the said attacks. In 2004, shortly after the U. S. Presidential Elections, Bin Laden stated his direct connection to the attacks via video-taped statement. The Fire Department City of New York (FDNY) and the New York City Police Department (NYPD) The Fire Department City of New York (FDNY) also known as the New York City Fire Department has played a huge role during the 9/11 tragedy particularly in providing emergency medical services and technical rescue. With approximately 11,400 officers and firefighters and over 2,500 EMTs and paramedics, the department pledge to perform their tasks and face challenges the best way possible. This without a doubt clearly reflects their motto â€Å"New York’s Bravest†. New York Firefighters rushed to the scene on that very day of the attack. Brave as they can be, the FDNY deployed their men to snake through stairwells and hallways of the collapsing structure. While the rest of the people are struggling their way out of the building, some firefighters were racing their way up to reach people trapped on the upper floors. They never made it out. More than 300 firefighters and paramedics have lost their lives saving others. It was perhaps the most traumatic respond ever made by the FDNY. The New York City Police Department, which was established in 1844, also extended their help to victims of the 9/11 attacks. Being the largest police force in North America and considered as one of the first â€Å"modern† style police departments in America, the NYPD just like any other department came rushing to the scene to provide assistance needed. They also conduct further investigation after the attacks. What went wrong? During the 9/11 attacks, evident flaws occurred, which definitely created a huge impact in the said incident. Some of which took place due to technical difficulties, unpreparedness and lack of cooperation from the people involved. Take for instance, the flawed radio communication. This drew problems especially to the part of the firefighters. Troubled radio communications caused commanders to lose contact with many firefighters who waited for evacuation orders inside the building. There was also no communication with the police who had helicopters at the scene. There were claims of fatal confusion regarding command and control. With defective communication, at least 121 firefighters died helplessly when the north tower fell. During the final minutes, most firefighters inside the north tower had no idea that building had started to fall down. They were waiting for orders in the lobby which obviously didn’t come or at least fell short. Mr. Thomas Von Essen, city’s fire commissioner from 1996 through 2001, and a former president of the main fire union, believes that the number of firefighter casualties in north tower is a serious matter. The fact that more than a third of the 343 firefighter deaths were from the north tower even though it stood 29 minutes longer than the south baffles the department Amidst the crisis, the two largest emergency departments barely spoke to coordinate strategy thus creating speculations that tribal feud is also one of the flaws that severely affected the incident. Problems involving the police also arise-jammed phone lines, missing radio, unavailable personnel to pick up the calls to name some. Yet it was pointed out by Chief Pfeifer that there was no police supervisors at the lobby command posts set by the fire department to coordinate efforts. Instead, the police established their command post three blocks away. Not a single firefighter was able to board the police helicopters as well. And when police pilots reported â€Å"large pieces† falling from the south tower, only police officers had seen it and heard their warnings leaving the firefighters uninformed. But police officials blame the firefighters’ lack of paramilitary discipline. Although there were several talks between the police and fire departments during the previous years, there was no final agreement making it more complicated for the two. Another flaw is the lack of concrete plan and control. Although it was not evident in the footages, some firefighters talked about aimlessness of the respond. Obviously, it has exceeded anybody else’s expectation. The report also pointed out that the police department’s disaster plans in large scale measures failed. These technical difficulties and other issues added to the burden of surviving the turmoil of the attacks. After the traumatic incident and the harsh lesson, some changes have been made to at least prevent another disaster. Emergency medical workers can now create contact to the police directly via radio. Fire officials can now use information from police helicopters and law enforcement officers and emergency service agencies came hand-in-hand in holding joint drills at high-rise buildings, jails and the city’s tunnels. After the said attacks, a safe and secure network has become a priority since the Police and Fire Departments could not communicate properly at the rescue. There were plans of improving the technology of communication as well as the improvement of strategic skills in rescuing. In fact, the Fire Department has conducted more than 10 drills in the past two years at high-rise office buildings to practice their rescue skills. Emergency Management or Disaster Management Emergency Management, also known as Disaster Management is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks by preparing for disaster before it happens. It also involves disaster response (e. g. emergency evacuation, quarantine, and mass decontamination), as well supporting and rebuilding the society after a certain disaster-whether it is natural or human-made- have occurred. It is a process by which the society manages to at least lessen the burden of the disasters’ impact by taking proper actions. Every activity being conducted at each level is interconnected and might affect each other. There are four phases of emergency management. One is the so-called Mitigation. Mitigation involves exerting attempts to prevent hazards from being disasters or to reduce the effect of a certain disaster when it occurs. Compared to other phases, the mitigation phase focuses on long- term measures for reducing or eliminating risk. Applied recovery process after a disaster can be considered a part of mitigation strategies while actions that reduce or eliminate risk are considered mitigation efforts. In mitigation, measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use technological solutions while the Non-structural includes legislation, land-use planning and insurance. One of the essential activities in mitigation is the identification of risks. It is the process of identifying and evaluating hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and riots which pose a risk to community within the area assessed. Next phase is the so-called Preparedness. In this phase, emergency managers develop plans of action when disaster hits a certain area. Some of the preparedness measures include the communication plans with easily understandable terminology and chain of command; development and practice of multi-agency coordination and incident command; proper maintenance and training of emergency services; development and exercise of emergency population warning methods; as well as stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipments needed. Aside form the above-mentioned, another efficient preparedness measure is an emergency operations center (EOC) and the development of volunteer response capability among civilians. Since there is an increasing number of volunteers and is neither as predictable nor plan able as professional response, they are deployed on the periphery of an emergency. Also, the Casualty Prediction is another essential aspect of preparedness. The study of the number of deaths or injuries to expect on a certain event gives the planners an idea of what resources are needed. The next one is the Response. This includes the necessary emergency services and responds in the affected area. Emergency services such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews can be supported secondary emergency services such as specialist rescue team. There are also volunteers and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) which may provide immediate assistance such as first aid provision. Next to Response is the so-called Recovery. It is the phase wherein the restoration of the affected area took place. Recovery is concerned with issues and decisions that must be made after being addressed. This may include rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment and the repair of other infrastructure. In line with all of the emergency management measures, some International Organizations also provided their assistance to further utilize the disaster management discipline. The International Association of Emergency Managers is a non-profit educational organization which dedicates itself in promoting the goal of saving lives and protecting properties during disasters and emergencies. The group provides information, networking and professional opportunities and advance emergency management profession to its members. Another international organization is the renowned Red Cross/ Red Crescent. This organization is known for its pivotal roles in responding to emergencies and extending help to those who are in need. They also deploy assessment teams to affected countries and specialize in the recovery component of emergency management framework. The United Nations, another international organization also devotes itself in emergency management. They can provide international response to affected countries as requested by the country’s government, by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN- OCHA) and by deploying a UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDC) team. The World Bank is another international organization which has approved more than 500 operations related to disaster management amounting to more than US$40 billion. The said operations include post-disaster reconstruction projects, as well as projects aimed at preventing and mitigating disaster impacts in countries like Argentina, Bangladesh, Colombia, Haiti and India. In the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the lead agency for emergency management. FEMA covered one of ten regions of the U. S. and its territories. Emergencies are managed in the most local-level possible but if the emergency is related to terrorism act, it is then declared an â€Å"Incident of National Significance†. The secretary of Homeland Security will then initiate the National Response Framework, which involves federal resources, integrating in with the local, county, state, or tribal group. Another organization involved in emergency management is the Citizen Corp which conducts volunteer service programs, administered locally and coordinated nationally by the DHS. They seek to mitigate disaster and prepare for emergency response through public education, training, and outreach program. The Aftermath After the turn of events of the 9/11 attacks, the United States together with other countries around the globe became more cautious against potential follow-up attacks. Air travels across the United States was almost entirely suspended for three consecutive days. In other countries like the United Kingdom, aircrafts were also prohibited from flying for several days due to the fear of encountering terrorist attacks. Numerous memorials were conducted all over the world. It is as if the whole world became united during the most distressing time. In Berlin, over 200,000 German soldiers marched whole- heartedly to show their condolences and solidarity with the United States. On the other hand, a French newspaper released a front page headline: â€Å"Nous sommes tous Americains†, meaning â€Å"We are all Americans†. A national day of mourning was also held in Ireland on September 14 and the U. S. national anthem was played during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham palace. All of which aims to show support the best way they can. With all the immediate aftermath, the United States expressed their right to defend themselves gathering support across the world and the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368. People in the United States also showcased their support in their own little ways. They started gathering around the popularized phrase â€Å"United We Stand† with hopes of being strong and keeping the American spirit alive. Numerous people never hesitate to extend their help to the victims. They also paid tribute to the brave men and women who risk their lives to save others by wearing NYPD and FDNY hats. Even the rescue dogs were paid a tribute during the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Only weeks after the attacks, blood donations climb to its highest point, greater than the corresponding weeks of the previous year. The economic status of the country was also affected due the attacks. The New York Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange and NASDAQ were closed on September 11up to September 17. It was said to be the longest closure since the Great Depression in 1933. By the end of the week, stock market index fell 1369. 7 points (14. 3%), the largest one-week point drop in the history. United States had lost $1. 2 trillion value for the said week. Health problems also arise after the attacks, mostly respiratory disease. The pulverized concrete on the streets has caused the increased cases of serious lung and cardiovascular disorders as covered in a recent article â€Å"Tracing Lung Ailments that Rose with 9/11 Dust, May 13, 2008†. In 2004, almost 500 screened rescue-and-recovery workers and volunteers were reported to obtain persistent respiratory problems and psychological symptoms. The incident also created a huge emotional impact to children especially to those whose parents are working at the World Trade Center. The U. S. responded to attacks by declaring a War on Terrorism. They launched an invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban, the place who cater al-Qaeda terrorists. The administration also stick to their goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda down to justice and avoid further terrorists network. Other nations also pushed on strengthening their anti- terrorism laws and expanded its powers. The 9/11 attacks also prompted George W. Bush’s job approval rating soaring up to 86%. The same attacks also created a focus on domestic security issues as well as the creation of a new cabinet-level federal agency called the â€Å"Department of Homeland Security†. Also, the USA Patriot Act of 2001 was passed enabling the law enforcement agencies to impose search and surveillance powers over the U. S. Citizens. This has led to the creation of the Information Awareness Office, headed by John Poindexter. The said office has amended a program called Total Awareness in May 2003 which aims to develop technology that would enable the collecting and processing of information that might help in predicting terrorists activities. On the other hand, the Muslim community had a mixed reaction to the attacks. Majority of the political and religious leaders condemned the attacks. The media even picked up on a number of celebrations of the attacks as if enjoying the every minute of the 9/11 tragedy. But there were some less publicized activities such as public displays of sympathy by candle lighting in Iran. The attacks also triggered some incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Middle Easterners and even those who look like one. Discrimination and false accusations were also experienced by those who were believed to be from the Middle East. Almost 762 suspected Muslims were rounded up by the United States. Reports stated that some 60 Israelis were among them. According to the Federal investigators, the said people were believed to be a part of a long-running effort to spy the American government officials for further plans. But none of them were ever charged with terrorism. Following the attacks, almost 80,000 Arab and Muslims immigrants were asked to be fingerprinted and registered under the Alien Registration Act of 1940. The 9/11 has indeed changed the face of national security. It has created a scar not only to the country, but to the victims and their families as well. Terrifying as it could be, the 9/11 attacks are only some of the numerous violent attacks by terrorists not only in the United States but in other countries too. This calls for the immediate action of the appropriate people. Preparations and awareness has to be addressed to prevent encountering yet another horrific incident. With the fast-paced technology, acts that might bring terror to countries become easier. But being cautious, well-informed, and focused during times of terror will definitely prevent severe aftermath. The 9/11 attacks were way over but the sympathy towards each other remains intact. This incident opened doors to show concern to each other. This incident also proved that during times of terror and hopelessness, people-regardless of their nationalities, beliefs and vision- can become united and stand as one. References Kleinfield, N. R. (September 7, 2007). September 11, 2001. The New York Times from http://topics. nytimes. com/timestopics/subjects/s/sept_11_2001/ Fritsch, Jane, (September 12,2001). A day of terror: The Response; Rescue Workers Rush In, And Many Do Not Return. The New York Times from http://query. nytimes. com/html? res=9F06E2DB1238F931A2575AC0A9679C8B63 Hauser, Christine. (July 31,2008) Police and Fire Radios Are Talking to Each Other. The New York Times from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/07/31/nyregion/31comm. html? partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Neilan, Terence (2001-09-11). 2 Planes Crash Into World Trade Center. The New York Times. Dwyer Jim, Flynn Kevin and Fessenden Ford (July 7, 2002) Fatal Confusion: A Troubled Emergency Response; 9/11 Exposed Deadly Flaws in Rescue Plan. The New York Times from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9E05E7DA1E31F934A35754C0A9649C Rashbaum, William (July 27, 2002) Report on 9/11 Finds Flaws In Response of Police Dept. The New York Times from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. htmlres=9A05E6DC163BF934A15754C0A9649C8B63 Profiles of 9/11 – About 9/11. The Biography Channel. A&E Television Networks September 11: Chronology of terror. CNN Full text: Bin Laden’s â€Å"Letter to America†. The Guardian (2002-11-24). How 9/11 changed America: In statistics. 11 September: Five years on. BBC (2006). Glynn, Simone A. Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 2246-2253. George D. ; Jane A. Bullock (2004). Introduction to Emergency Management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-7689-2.

The Natural of Semantic Change

SEMANTICS THE NATURE OF SEMANTIC CHANGE Presented by group 9: Riva Nugraha Jiwa 0910733154 Alfi Nurhidayati 1010731008 Nadia Turrahmi 1010732014 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ANDALAS UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION 70 years ago, Edward Sapir introduced a new concept of linguistics. He said that language moved on every time and then created their own forms and never static. Every word, every grammatical element, proverbs, sounds and accents configured which was changed slowly and this was the ways how a language could long lasting.This concept of language made the other linguists interested. The change of meaning could happen because of some reasons, according to Millet a meaning could change easily because of the discontinuous from one generation to the other generations, the blur of meaning, the lost of motivation, the appearance of polysemy, there are some ambiguous contexts, vocabulary structures, and so on. The nature of semantic change can be divided into some categories, met aphor, metonymy, popular etymology, ellipsis, and also some consequences change of meaning. SEMANTIC CHANGE A.The nature of semantic change Aksioma Leibniz said â€Å"natura non facit saltus† that means the nature changed indirectly and slowly, this sentence also can we applied in change of meaning. Every changing had their each reason and always related and associated from the old meaning into the new meaning. One of semantics tradition looks up meaning as â€Å"the interrelationship between name and meaning†. So, we can conclude that change of meaning divide into two types: change of meaning based on association of meaning-meaning, and also name-name. Every type can be differs into similarity ad contiguity. . Metaphor Metaphor is important in language because it can make them more creative and aesthetics, it is common in literary field such as poem. Metaphor has some functions in everyday life, there are as the motivation, expression ways, as the source of synonym an d polysemy, to fill the blank in vocabulary, and the way to express the emotion, etc. The structure of metaphor is simple, it always said one thing is another thing. It does not use the word as, like, and comparative words and other, this case make the reader try to find the similarities.For example: a) Her home is a prison, in this case her home have same characteristic of prison, we can imagine that she can’t leave her home, she tapped inside, and maybe afraid of the outside. b) The police man let him off by a yellow card, in this sentence ‘yellow card’ refers to warning, the original sense is in soccer player a yellow card that the referee shows to the player when cautioning them and give the second chance to introspect themselves. c) in Indonesian language we can take the example Gonzales menanduk bola, we know that Gonzales is a human and he did the work which is did by an animal buffalo.In this case, menanduk have same meaning with the other, because it ref ers to an action using a head, in human we call menyundul and in buffalo we cal menanduk. * Anthropomorphic metaphor The person who is interested toward this kind of metaphor is Giambattista Vico, he said that in every language the most part of expression refer to inanimate, compared by transferring from any part of body, sense, and also the emotion of human being. For example: a) in Indonesian language: jantung kota, bahu jalan, mulut sungai, etc. b) in English language muscle comes from Latin language musculus that means ‘little mouse’. Animal metaphor This category applied for animal or inanimate types, many plants using animal’s name to call them. For example: a) lidah buaya, kumis kucing, jambu monyet, etc. b) in English there are some plants with animal’s name goat’s-beard and dog’s tail. Beside that, there are animal’s name transferred into human being for describe humor, irony, and other. For example: si beo, the speaker use th is word toward the other because they have same characteristic or their action refer to the animal itself. * From concrete to abstractOne of the tendency in metaphor is explaining the abstract into the concrete, when we try to find the abstract word at first we must know the concrete one. For example in English light ‘sinar, cahaya, lampu’ which is concrete, when this word close to the other morpheme they sometimes become abstract like highlights ‘menyoroti’. If it compares to Indonesian language the condition is same, for example the concrete one is ‘sinar, cahaya’, it become abstract metaphor in sorot mata, hidupnya sedang bersinar, ajarannya menyinari dunia, harta yang menyilaukan, and so on. Synaesthetic metaphor This metaphor based on the transferred of one sense to the other sense, for example from sense of hearing to sight, from touch to sound, etc. If we talk about the sound which is warm and cool, we can see that there are the similari ties between temperatures with the kind of sounds. The structure of metaphor begin in literary works when the raising of symbolism era. We can see from one of Shakespeare’s work: I see a voice; now will I to the chink To spy an I can hear my Thisby’s face 2. MetonymyMetonymy involves some sort of connection between concepts, but in this case there is no similarity between them, but they are closely linked in some other way. Metonymy can divide into the association they based on. First, metonymy transfer based on spaces and places. The change of meaning the Latin word coxa ‘pinggul’ into France language cuisse ‘pupu;paha’ it explained that pinggul and paha is our part of body which is close and do not have correct constraint. Second, metonymy transfer based on time or temporal.The name of action or event can be transferred into something that predate and follow the change. For example, in English, ‘collation’ now defined into diffe rent meaning ‘perbandingan’ and ‘makanan ringan’ where as both of them are relates. Previously, in Catholic ceremony the reading from Collationes Patrum by Cassian usually read before the end of mass, it followed by snack which called collation because the snack related with the reading. So, the name of book followed by the snack that also consume in the close time in mass period.Third, the relation can create the change of metonymy, there are some part that is important but sometime it divide into own category, or we can call it pars pro toto. For example in Indonesia, ‘pasukan baju kuning’ it refers to the group who clean up the road. And the last metonymy is simple and famous because we don’t need the worst and crucial speech. We know that most of the founder named something which they found by their name. For example, the terminology in electricity ampere, volt, ohm named by the founder Andre Ampere, Count Allessandro Volta, and Geor g Simon Ohm. . Popular Etymology Etymology is the branch of linguistics that studies the origin and development of words and other linguistic forms. The examples of the areas that are studied include the earliest origins of a word, how its meanings and connotations have changed, the meanings and origins of its component parts, whether or how it has spread to other languages, and how its meaning or use has been influenced by other words. The history of a word also is called its etymology.For example, France language forain become English foreign which come from Latin foranus, one of derivative from Latin foris ‘tidak dengan; ke luar negeri; the nature meaning is the foreign as we used in English. 4. Ellipsis Words which often occur side by side are act to have a semantic influence on each other. We have already sees an example of this in the history of negation in French. The commonest form which this influence takes in ellipsis. In a set phrase made up of two words, one of the se it omitted and its meaning it transferred to its partner.For example, in Jakarta’s dialect ‘tidak tahu’, sometimes just utter in ‘tahu’. B. The consequences of the change of meaning * The change in the area of meaning Many older writer divide change of meaning in three categories, there are: extension, restriction, and the last that do not grouped into both of them. The division can called as â€Å"logical division† they also has some weaknesses, although the division is simple and easy. The division does not give clearly describing about the formal form in causes or the background how it can be changed.And then, the third division just grouped because can’t let in first and second division. Truthfully the basic is the meaning become wide or narrow and continuously by the time. 1). Restriction This change make the meaning of certain word become restrict and the intense become more variable. For example, English ‘poison’ means racun, first the word come from ‘potion’ that means ‘beer’ because beer can damage our body and sometimes make somebody die. Later poison just use to refer the drink that can make somebody die, not to all of beer. 2). ExtensionIn extension meaning, the word can be applied in large contexts by following the time the intense become weaker and something that referred become smaller. For example, arriver in France and arrive in English, this word come from Latin arripare, it become ripa ‘tepi sungai; pantai’ because it refers to the coming of someone. * The changes in evaluation: pejorative and ameliorative 1). Pejorative The change caused the word become lower or negative than before, for example: ‘perempuan’ come from ‘empu’ that means ‘ibu jari’ it should be has higher meaning.But nowadays, ‘perempuan’ is lower if compare to ‘wanita’. 2). Ameliorative The change caused the wo rd become higher and positive than before, for example: ‘minister’ at first define as ‘minus or slave’ but nowadays the meaning become higher into ‘the person who stayed in governmental system. CONCLUSION The Nature of Semantic Change, there is must always be some connection, some association between the old and the new meaning, association is the necessary condition of semantic change.Meaning is determined by three factors: the objective reference (the referent), the subjective apprehension (the subject, i. e. the speaker or the hearer) and the traditional range (the word). Any change has as its immediate cause a change in one of these three relations. Types of semantic change: Similarity of the senses (metaphor), Contiguity of the senses (metonymy), Similarity of the names (folk etymology), Contiguity of the names (ellipsis), all of these types is changes that occur with time. Reference: * Ullman, Stephen. 2011. Pengantar Semantik. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta

Free Online Public Schools for SC Students K-12

Free Online Public Schools for SC Students K-12 South Carolina offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. In order to qualify for the list, schools must meet several qualifications: the classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to the students state of residence, and they must be funded by the government. Virtual schools may be charter schools, state-wide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. Here is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in South Carolina. List of Alabama Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Insight School of South Carolina link is to national network of schoolsSouth Carolina Virtual School Bad link https://www.k12.com/participating-schools.html?statesouth-carolina About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age,  often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. State-wide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats may be limited and students are usually asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. (See also: 4 Types of Online High Schools). Choosing a South Carolina Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. For more suggestions on evaluating virtual schools see: How to Choose an Online High School. How to Choose an Online High School http://distancelearn.about.com/od/virtualhighschools/a/OnlineHighQ.htm 4 Types of Online High Schools http://distancelearn.about.com/od/virtualhighschools/a/HS_Types.htm Online Charter School Basics http://distancelearn.about.com/od/virtualhighschools/a/CharterInfo.htm How to Find an Online Charter School http://distancelearn.about.com/od/virtualhighschools/a/CharterSchool.htm School Accreditation http://distancelearn.about.com/od/accreditationinfo/a/accreditation1.htm Regionally Accredited Online High Schools http://distancelearn.about.com/od/virtualhighschools/a/RAOnlineHS.htm Online High School Pros and Cons http://distancelearn.about.com/od/virtualhighschools/a/hsprosandcons.htm

The company brand - Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The company brand - Starbucks - Case Study Example Taking its name from a character in the novel Moby-Dick, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, from a small Coffee shop in Seattle 36 years ago its has developed itself to own 7521 self-operated and 5647 licensed stores in 39 countries. Surveys have shown that is the most successful and admired company in United States today, it has revolutionized the way Americans used to view Coffee and rejuvenated the drinking experience into a lifestyle, a trend that has been a successful social epidemic, as Gladwell puts it, for the past two decades. Starbucks' success has been attributed to a number of factors apart from the ones mentioned above, the theories put forward by Malcolm Gladwell are well suited to its case as it had a number of Connectors, Salesmen, the stickiness factor and the power of context all played a major role in it turning out to be a successful trend. Starbucks Connectors and Salesmen involve some big names like the Pepsi Cola and McDonalds. The story of Starbucks represents one of the classical American commercial success stories where three college friends used to meet from time to time to discuss the potential business venture to initiate. An English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev... Background of Starbucks The story of Starbucks represents one of the classical American commercial success stories where three college friends used to meet from time to time to discuss the potential business venture to initiate. An English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegel, and writer Gordon Bowker were three people who conceived the idea of Starbucks and opened the first coffee bean roaster and retailer outlet under the banner of Starbucks in Seattle, Washington in 1971. Coffee was a neglected commodity in America at that time mainly due to the procedures and the type of coffee that was available throughout the country. The three founders Siegel, Bowker and Baldwin managed to provide the European style roasted coffee which was a lot different then the percolated brown beverage that the Americans were used to. A unique taste and an innovative product was the primary reason for its Starbucks in the first ten years of its operation. Howard Shultz, the entrepreneur, formerly working for a Swedish Kitchen company felt attracted by the growing success of Starbucks and joined as a Marketing Manager in 1982. Shultz was always ready with new ideas and was hungry for changes that would make life easier for the customer and transform Starbucks into a more user friendly spot. Returning from a tour to Milan, Howard Schultz suggested that the company should sell coffee and espresso drinks in addition to beans. The owners rejected this idea, believing that getting into the beverage business would distract the company from its primary focus. To them, coffee was something to be prepared in the home and they strictly opposed the idea of bringing the Italian coffeehouse culture in United States. But, Schultz was

Importance of Classifying Period Cost and Product Cost Assignment

Importance of Classifying Period Cost and Product Cost - Assignment Example The period costs are normally reported in form of expenditures in the period of accounting in which they match the best with revenues, in the period of accounting and when they expire. In addition to general administrative and selling expenses, most of the interest expenses are categorized as a period expense. Mr Smith’s classification of these costs, therefore, would increase the reported earnings of the period. The classification of the period cost and product cost is hence important since the classification will ensure that the net income is properly measured during the time period in which the best match. Classifying period cost and product cost will also ensure that Mr Smith reports the proper inventory cost appearing on the balance sheet. It is also important to classify these costs since the two costs cling to the units of the manufactured or purchased products. This will increase the reported period earnings because if any unit of a product will not be sold, the produc t cost will appear as a current asset on the balance sheet since it will be reported as an inventory. The classification will also ensure that the product cost will be reported at the expense of the cost of sold goods on the income statement for the period in which the product units were sold. In addition, classifying period costs will ensure that the expenses incurred in sales and salaries of the general administration are only featured during the exact period in which those salaries were paid to the employees. This will increase the reported earnings of the company. The actions of Mr Smith to postpone expenditures to the new year such as cancelling or postponing supplier orders, delaying maintenance already planned, and cutting down on the travels and adverts of the end year is ethical enough since it was in the best interest of the company to report an increase in the end year earnings. By ordering reclassification of both the period and product costs, Mr Smith significantly increased the reported earnings since every particular period cost was to be reported in the financial year to which it relates to.  

Biochemistry Discussion - Fats and Proteins Assignment

Biochemistry Discussion - Fats and Proteins - Assignment Example Fats can be broken down to yield energy by lipolysis, after which beta-oxidation takes place in the mitochondria to give acetyl CoA that continues to the Krebs cycle yielding ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. Ketosis happens in extended starvation when large amounts of fat are broken down for energy instead of carbohydrates. This is because the rate of ketone formation surpasses the ability of the liver to oxidize them. The three types of ketone bodies that arise from acetyl CoA are acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (Butterly & Shepherd, 2010). The brain uses these ketone bodies for energy during starvation. Under normal conditions, the liver usually uses ketone bodies in the synthesis of lipids through the process of lipogenesis. Too much ketone bodies circulating in the body causes ketoacidosis, a state that lowers the pH of the blood to harmful levels, which may interfere with the physiology of other processes. Proteins are essential components in the body because they serve numerous structural and functional purposes. Some proteins function in body movement and others function in protection against germs (antibodies). Biological processes are catalyzed by enzymes, which are protein in nature. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is the least amount of nutrients needed to meet the daily nutrient needs of an individual. However, the RDA for protein â€Å"is calculated on an average person’s ideal weight because protein is needed mainly for lean body tissue, not fat† (Protein, n.d.). This is about 0.8 grams of proteins per kilogram of body weight. For normal males between the age of 14 and 18, this value is 52 grams whereas the value changes to 56 grams for people above the age of 18. For females, it is 46 grams for everybody above the age of 14 (Protein, n.d.).

Current Themes in Business Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Themes in Business - Dissertation Example Public relations is also another important aspect of social media for firms. Firms that are smart know how to use social media to make sure that they are able to create a positive public image that the customers can relate to. This is actually very important because as Ernest (2011) says, it will not matter whether a firm actively uses social media or, not, the firms will be affected by the issue, negative if it does not have a proper social media strategy in place.As has already been identified, social media can offer the firm with feedback from customers, whether positive or negative. Social media today is the best way for any firm to measure the temperature out there in the market and therefore know how to react to the issues in the market. The objective of this research is to identify the ways in which the social media is effective with regard to affecting business and to identify how business can use social media to advance their interest, serve their customers in a better way a nd inverse their profits. It will seek to identify the ways in which the modern business, big or small can benefit from the social media while at the same time, taming the negatives of the social media. In this regard, it will seek to identify both the opportunities and the threats that the social media platforms provide the modern business and then identify the ways in which the business can take advantage of those opportunities and at the same time neutralize the threats.

Private And Private Sector In Economic Development Economics Essay

Private And Private Sector In Economic Development Economics Essay The private sector is one of the dominant features in developing the country and also regarded as the major engine of growth and seen as the driving force behind employment growth, which is expected to generate increased levels of productive employment to absorb the rapidly growing labor force. Given this strategic importance of the private sector in generating employment opportunities, the sectors role and relevance are examined in detail. After the 6th FYP Plan period (1987-92), the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) has privatized the most of the holdings of public sector enterprises and the liberalization of the Foreign Direct Investment has taken an extensive reforms in the financial sector which include the removal of restriction in foreign exchange on current account payments and transfers; liberalization of interest rate and establishment of stock exchange, also adaptation of legal industrial policies for the long term objective withdrawing from the commercially viable areas of economy. The total GDP growth accelerated to 6.7 percent during 2009 and per capita GDP income was recorded at USD 1,852 (Nu.83.340). In 2010 Bhutans GDP was at Nu. 61,223.5 millions with GDP Per Capita of Nu. 89,639.1 with an increase of Nu 6299 over preceding years despite numerous problem faced by the public and private sector. The public sector growth increases 15.5% in 2001 and decreases drastically to -35.3% in 2003. The reasons for decreasing the growth of public sector were in December 15, 2003 when the Royal Bhutan Army launched a crack-down anti India militants camping almost 12 years in Bhutan. The growth rate of public sector to 41.5% in 2006 was because of the road widening of national highway and many developmental activities. Of total employment 60% are employed in private sector and rest 40% are in public sector. The total 60000 formal sector jobs, it is estimated that 50 percent are held by non-nationals (30000 non-national workers are employed in the private sector). Introduction Bhutan, a small democratic constitutional monarchy has a population of less than 700,000 and being one of the least developed economies in the world is largely agrarian country. After what we called a globalization, the most craving forces to have arisen the history of mankind, Bhutan is facing one of the major challenges in the modern era. The government is trying to privatize the industry and the sector changes from the primarily agrarian to the secondary and tertiary sector. During the 6th Plan period (1987-92), the private sector development was given as the main objective of planned development activities to support private enterprises. Since then, the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) had privatized the most of the holdings of public sector enterprises such as tourism sector, transportation services, and maintenance and road infrastructure. Further it has corporatized airline, telecommunication, media, and postal services. Also the liberalization of the Foreign Direct Investment and had taken an extensive reforms in the financial sector which include the removal of restriction in foreign exchange on current account payments and transfers; liberalization of interest rate and establishment of stock. Throughout the assignment emphasis are given on meaning and role of public and private sector. The indicator of economic development, contribution of public and private sector contribution towards Gross National Product (GNI) of Bhutan, employment generation and some of the constraint faced face by the private and public sector in Bhutan. Definition of private and public sector Private sector Private sectors are those sectors which are owned by the individual or group of people whose benefit are consumed individually, those who are willing to pay and their sole objective as profit maximization. In other words private sectors are those firms and households owned by an individual for the personal benefits of the private individual [every citizen]. (Wilson Clark, p.76). In order to develop private sector though private sector development committee was formed in 2000 and reconstituted in 2009, still the government controls and regulate private sector development, thus due to the excessive regulation and unprotected economy has failed to grow the private sector in economy. (Metha, 2009, p: 11). Public sector The public sector is also a part of an economy of a country that is usually owned by the society and operated for the benefit of the whole country [society as a whole]. The public sector generally consists of federal, state, local and public institutions. Their core interest is about giving the facilities that can enjoy by the general public which are not given by the private sector such as road for the wellbeing of the citizens of the country, (Wilson Clark, p.76). In another terms it is define as an economy of a country where there is no rival in consumption and exclusion from the benefits such as road, school etc. History of private and public sector development in Bhutan The private sector in Bhutan although expanded rapidly over the last four decades yet, it is still relatively small and underdeveloped. During the 6th Plan period (1987-92), the private sector development was given as the main objective of planned development activities to support private enterprises. Since then, the RGoB has privatized the most of the holdings of public sector enterprises such as tourism sector, transportation services, maintenance and road infrastructure. Further it has corporatized airline, telecommunication, media, and postal services. Also the liberalization of the Foreign Direct Investment and had taken an extensive reforms in the financial sector which include the removal of restriction in foreign exchange on current account payments and transfers; liberalization of interest rate and establishment of stock exchange. RGOB also created business friendly environment which ejects private sector development with adaptation of legal industrial policies for the long term objective withdrawing from the commercially viable areas of economy to the provision of basic social and infrastructures facilities. Private sector in Bhutan, its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) share is less than 50 %, as construction sector contributing closely to one-fifth of GDP. But much of the GDP shares are derives from public sector such as hydropower. The total revenue generated over the last five year by the formal private sector it generated between 7% and 10%. And estimated employment in private sector was from 1 to 8% of the total population. In mid-2003, a total of 32,035 licenses were issued for commercial activities. Out of which included 17,725 trade licenses, 9,102 construction contractor licenses, 4,478 service-based licenses and 730 licenses in manufacturing. Based on the number of licensed private sector enterprises, more than 90% of licensed commercial entities are micro and small enterprises, with only limited number of medium-sized enterprises, (RGoB, p;74-75). By the end of the 10th FYP private sector is expected to take up the major commercial activities, remaining government as regulator of private sector and facilitate the development of private sector. (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2010). Indicators of economic development The Economic indicators for Bhutan are as mentioned below. Literacy Rate The progress, development and growth of any country depend to a large extent on the quality and trained manpower available in different areas. Education contributes its vital inputs in the growth and prosperity of nation; in fact it is a backbone of every nation. Therefore, higher standard of education and literacy rate and the socio economic progress of the country move in parallel for the better understanding and the best development of the country. GDP Per Capita Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as the total value of output of final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a given country during the fiscal year. It is obtained through dividing constant price GDP by the total population of the country. According to labor data, Bhutans real GDP growth accelerated to 6.7 percent during 2009 and per capita GDP income was recorded at USD 1,852 (Nu.83.340). In 2010 Bhutans GDP was at Nu. 61,223.5 millions with GDP Per Capita of Nu. 89,639.1 With an increase of Nu 6299 (Bhutan 2010, Data Sheet). Yet if examine the below table 1, the real GDP growth rate in 2005 was 7% and drastically increased to 19.7% in 2007 as the secondary sector rose from 33.7% in 2005 to 43% in 2007 which is almost 10% from the preceding year. Contribution of the tertiary sector towards GDP decreased till 2007 and then increased but the secondary sector reflects the growth over the years which clearly shows an increase or gradual shift in the sector from primary to secondary sector and are mainly due the hydro power and the employment opportunities in the secondary sector. It also indicates the growth of economy of the country. Table; 1 Economic Indicators of the year 2005-2008 sector wise GDP Economic Indicator 2005 2006 2007 2008 GDP in current market price(NU in Million) 35496.9 3957.3 49381.7 54149.9 GDP in current market price(million in US $) 804.9 873.5 1192.8 1244.8 GNI/GNP in current price (million in Nu.) 34956.1 39670.0 49166.2 53010.6 Real GDP growth rate (%) 7.0 6.4 19.7 5.0 Implicit GDP deflator 125.0 130.6 136.6 142.5 Exchange rate (calendar)Nu/Us$ 44.1 45.3 41.4 43.5 Share to GDP by major sector in % Primary 24.0 24.4 20.6 21.2 Secondary 33.7 33.7 43.3 39.1 Tertiary 42.3 41.9 37.1 39.7 Source; National Accounts 2000-2008(2009, p.6) 3. Life Expectancy Life expectancy is one of the indicators of the economic development as the life expectancy and economic development is directly related. Higher the life expectancy means well developed economy of the country. Thus, the economic development includes life expectancy, basic health facilities, or amenities of life. With regards to Bhutan 2010, Data Sheet, the overall life expectancy is 68.9, for male and female life expectancy is 68.4 and 69.4 respectively, so it clearly indicates as an instrumental role in the economic development of a country. 4. Balance of Payment. The balance of payment indicates the growth of economy of a country which the revenue earned is more than the current expenditure, known as positive and vice versa. If the BOP is positive, definitely it brings the economic development and negative slow down the growth. 5. Measures of poverty The measure taken to eradicate the poverty helps economy of a country to grow stronger and is also one of the main objectives of 10th FYP to eradicate poverty below 15% by the end of the FYP. As suggested by the National Statistical Bureau, person should earn about minimum of Nu 1096.94 as their monthly salary in which Nu 867 must be food expenditure and the rest expenditure on other than food. The poverty rate in Bhutan has decreased from 31.7 percent to 23.2 percent in 2004 to 2007. (Poverty Analysis, 2007). The role of Public sector Capital formation The sector also helps in the formation of capital in a way that revenue earned will add to the Gross capital of the country there by increasing the capital formation and indirectly increases the per capita income of an individual. For example, the revenue earned through hydro power will increase the revenue base of the country and also a main revenue contributor in Bhutan. Balance regional development In public sector whose benefits are collectively consumed and there is no rival in consumption, their services like transportation, education, electricity, health facilities are for the general public so there is less regional disparity. Furthermore the balance and equitable development is one of the pillars of Gross National Happiness, a guiding philosophy of development, so there is less disparity. Redistribution of income Most of the employment opportunities are given by the public sector and also increases the marginal propensity to save by the different societies of economy as it provides the social welfare, equal opportunities there by increasing average disposable income minimizing the income disparity between poor and rich. Poverty reduction and living standard Public sector mainly focuses on the social welfare providing basic amenities of life such as rural safe drinking water schemes, public health facilities etc. This increases the life expectancy of people employment opportunities would raises the income of individual in the society. 5 Increase social welfare. The public sector basically focuses for providing the social welfare of the different economy class of people be it rural or urban by providing social services like communication service, transportation, electricity safe drinking water, sanitation etc, thus increasing the social welfare of general public. Contribution of public and private sector towards GDP (GNI) of Bhutan The GDP is also one of the capital formations of the country and are calculated early in the country. The GDP of a country is can be defined as the value of all final goods and services that are produced by normal residents of a country in fiscal year. The table below shows the GDP contribution by major private and public sector in Bhutan. Table No. 2: Gross Domestic Capital Formation at Constant price (Nu. in million). Year Capital formation of private sector Capital formation of public sector Growth rate of private sector Growth rate of Public sector 2000 6785.5 3080.1 0.0 0.0 2001 9802 3556.4 44.5 15.5 2002 11709.2 4095.7 19.5 15.2 2003 14258.2 2647.9 21.8 -35.3 2004 16842.3 3236 18.1 22.2 2005 14904.6 3669.7 -11.5 13.4 2006 13524.1 5193 -9.3 41.5 2007 13235.4 6302.4 -2.1 21.4 2008 14435.3 6729.2 9.1 6.8 2009 18263 7038.2 26.5 4.6 Source: National Accounts Statistics, 2009 The above table 2 represents the gross Domestic capital formation in the year of 2000 to 2009. Keeping base year as 2000, it is calculated the percentage of growth rate of public and private sector. The above table 2 is explained with the help of following graph 1. Graph 1; Growth of capital formation of private and public sector at current prices. The private sector overall growth is highest was in 2001 with44.5% and the negative growth was in 2005 with -11.5%, this negative growth was because of the natural calamities that results in slow down of the private sector. In the above graph the public sector growth increases 15.5% in 2001 and decreases drastically to -35.3% in 2003. The main reasons for decreasing the growth of public sector were in December 15, 2003 when the Royal Bhutan Army launched a crack-down anti India militants camping almost 12 years in Bhutan. The gradual growth rate of public sector to 41.5% in 2006 was because of the road widening of national highway from Paro to Thimphu, Phuntsholing to Thimphu and Samdrup jongkhar to Trashigang. Employment contribution from both sectors The agriculture sector is one of the main sources livelihoods as 79% of total population are dependent on agriculture and are residing in countryside. In 2007 the employment contributed by agriculture was 64.2% out of 7.8% arable land. In the 9th Five Year Plan the total work force is around 60,000 persons out of which 30,000 are non-nationals and majority of them are employed in the construction activities. To create employment opportunities for the increasingly literate workforce in private sector has been Royal government major priority and issue of the Ninth Five Year Plan. (http//:www.org.bt/constructionsector.php). The following table shows the employment contribution made by both sector of the economy in 2010. Table3: The number of persons employed by type of enterprise Sector Number of persons employed Government 49,900 Public corporation 10,500 Private corporation 8500 Armed forces 4900 Private Business 66,000 Agriculture farming 180,200 NGO/INGO 1000 Total 320900 Source: Labor force survey 2010 From the table above we can conclude that almost 60 percent of the total work force is engaged in private sector and remaining 40 percent of the total labor force in public sector. We can also draw that the majority of population (1.80, 200) are engaged in agricultural farming, followed by the private business (66,000) and governments mostly civil servant (49, 900). Difficulties of Private Sectors and public Sectors The major difficulties face by the private and public sector are mainly due to difficult in access to land, skilled labor, tax policies labor shortage, financial system in Bhutan and some of them are listed below: Underdeveloped Infrastructure The lack of infrastructure is the main problem in the promotion of private sector in Bhutan, despite the tremendous construction of infrastructure and expansion of the road network since the inception of the first FYP till date. More than 50 percent of population has excess to motor able road but due to steep terrain within the relatively young and unstable Himalayan mountain range makes the cost of road construction and maintenance very difficult, in subject to frequent landslides especially during the monsoon seasons. Inefficient Human Resources. Despite the differences in opinion, faith, diversity and disparities in working methodologies Bhutan lack in the skill base of human resources and have limited number of technically trained people ( skilled labor) in field which has forced our private sector and public sector in an infant stage, since half of the population are illiterate (59.5%). Lack of entrepreneurial culture and skills Entrepreneurial skills and business knowledge is most important and are fundamental in development of private sector which most of Bhutanese lack in this field since most of the citizens are afraid of taking risk and do not look for long term benefits. Lack of Market Due to lack of advanced technology and machinery the cost of production are high and are difficult to find market outside the country or lack of efficient market to absorb domestically produced goods is problem in Bhutan. Therefore it always has been slowing down economy to progress. Financial in Adequacy Most of the development activities of private and public sector are done through external grants and loans as well as donations. It is very difficult to finance through domestic finance because the profit earned by the public sector are barely enough to make to upgrade the economy activities of the country. Conclusion The development of economy started in 1960s and after the commencement of 1st Five Year Plan Bhutanese economy experienced the considerable achievement of planned economic. Over the last 50 years of planned socio-economic development, it has brought about significant structural changes in the economy progressing towards secondary and tertiary sectors from primary sector including both private and public sector. This structural changes are brought down by the privatization of public sector to the private sector, thus accelerating the average annual growth rate of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) through an increased of production and tax base contribution by the private sector to the government after 6th Five Year Plan. As developing country, there is less number of capable people to operate private business and organizations which slows down our economic growth due to inefficient performance like lack of efficient human capital, market, infrastructure, financial support and excessive regulation the government. Therefore, it recommended that government and private individual to install new machinery rather than focusing on the old installed machinery. Also giving opportunities to train our human resource outside the country and share their views and ideas. Signing bilateral trade agreement with developing partners will help to overcome problem of market and setting up commercial banks to provide long term loans to the private or the public sector and existing commercial banks to provide loan at affordable interest rate will help in achieving the role private and public sector in economic development of the country. In order to develop private sector government must liberalize the tax, revising the existing policies, plans which will help the private sector to grow and also minimizing the regulation setup by the government.