(Updated) ACT Essay Scoring Completely Explained

(Updated) ACT Essay Scoring Completely Explained SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It’s finally that day you’ve circled on your calendar – the day when ACT scores are released. You log into ACTstudent and look at your essay score. There's an "8" for your overall Writing score as well as four different "domain" scores of 6, 8, 9, and 10. What does your ACT Writing score mean and how is your ACT essay scored? This article will shed some light on both of these things. Feature image credit: eppny by woodleywonderworks, used under CC BY 2.0/Resized from original. A Quick Look Into ACT Essay Scoring On test day, you complete the first four sections of the ACT then write your essay. What happens next? Once ACT, Inc. receives your essay, it is scanned and uploaded to an essay grading program for graders to score. In addition, ACT.org states that â€Å"[a]n image of your essay will be available to your high school and the colleges to which you have ACT report your scores from that test date.† Each ACT essay is scored by two different graders on a scale of 1-6 across four different domains, for a total score out of 12 in each domain. These domain scores are then averaged into a total score out of 12. NOTE: The ACT Writing Test from September 2015-June 2016 had a slightly different scoring scale; instead of averaging all the domain scores to get a total ACT Writing score out of 12, the domain scores were combined and scaled into a total score out of 36. On June 28th, 2016, however, ACT, Inc. announced that starting in September of 2016, the Writing test would no longer be scored on a scale of 1-36, due to the confusion this had caused. This change to out-of-12 ACT Writing scores is still different from the pre-September 2015 ACT essay scoring, since that system relied on graders giving the essay one holistic score (rather than 4 analytical domain scores). Because the ACT Writing is optional, your essay score will not be factored into your ACT composite score. It will, however, be factored into your English-Language Arts subscore, which averages your English, Reading, and Writing scores and rounds up to the nearest whole number. So what are the four domains that your essay is scored across? 1. Ideas and Analysis Scores in this domain relate to your discussion of the perspectives on the essay topic. 2. Development and Support Scores in this domain reflect how you develop your points with logical reasoning or specific examples. 3. Organization Scores in this domain relate to your essay's organization on both a macro (overall structure) and micro (within each paragraph) level. 4. Language Use Scores in this domain depend on your command of standard written English (including grammar and punctuation); variety in sentence structure and vocabulary is also rewarded in this domain. Give me a hug by SeasonalOrange, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Resized from original. Cats: Great sources of amusement, but less great sources of standard written English. For more on what goes into each domain score, read my article on the ACT Writing Rubric. ACT Essay Scoring: Official Policy Every essay is graded by two graders, who must score the essay within one point of each other. If the graders’ scores disagree by more than one point, a third grader will be brought in to resolve the issue. It's currently unclear whether this means a greater-than-one-point difference in domain score or overall essay score between graders – stay tuned for more information. While your essay receives scores in each of the four domain areas, the domains themselves are graded holistically. For example, in the Language Use domain, there are no guidelines that instruct scorers to deduct 1 point for every 10 grammatical errors. Another important part of official ACT essay scoring policy is that factual accuracy is not important. ACT essay graders are not supposed to score essays based on whether or not the facts are accurate. The point of the ACT essay is NOT to write a research paper with well-documented facts on a topic. Instead, you're asked to argue in favor of a perspective on the topic and compare your perspective to the other perspectives given by the ACT in the essay prompt; as long as your examples support your arguments, it doesn't matter if the examples aren't 100% true. ACT Writing Scores in Practice While each domain is graded holistically, there are a few key actions you must take if you want to score above a 2/6 in each domain. I've extracted these ACTions via analysis of the essay scoring rubric as well as through scrutiny of the sample essays the ACT provides on its website. As I go through each domain, I'll be using the following official sample ACT prompt for any examples: Intelligent Machines Many of the goods and services we depend on daily are now supplied by intelligent, automated machines rather than human beings. Robots build cars and other goods on assembly lines, where once there were human workers. Many of our phone conversations are now conducted not with people but with sophisticated technologies. We can now buy goods at a variety of stores without the help of a human cashier. Automation is generally seen as a sign of progress, but what is lost when we replace humans with machines? Given the accelerating variety and prevalence of intelligent machines, it is worth examining the implications and meaning of their presence in our lives. Perspective One Perspective Two Perspective Three What we lose with the replacement of people by machines is some part of our own humanity. Even our mundane daily encounters no longer require from us basic courtesy, respect, and tolerance for other people. Machines are good at low-skill, repetitive jobs, and at high-speed, extremely precise jobs. In both cases they work better than humans. This efficiency leads to a more prosperous and progressive world for everyone. Intelligent machines challenge our long-standing ideas about what humans are or can be. This is good because it pushes both humans and machines toward new, unimagined possibilities. Write a unified, coherent essay about the increasing presence of intelligent machines. In your essay, be sure to clearly state your own perspective on the issue and analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective develop and support your ideas with reasoning and examples organize your ideas clearly and logically communicate your ideas effectively in standard written English Your perspective may be in full agreement with any of the others, in partial agreement, or wholly different. Ideas and Analysis You must: Have a clear thesis in your essay. Because you are writing a persuasive essay, it is imperative that you make your position on the topic clear. Otherwise, how can you persuade someone that your view is the correct view? Since you have limited time and have to compare your perspective with at least one of the other perspectives anyway, choose one of the three perspectives given to you by the ACT to argue for in your thesis. You must: Discuss the relationship between your perspective and at least one of the perspectives that the ACT mentions in the prompt. The prompt explicitly states that you need to "analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective." If you fail to discuss how your perspective relates to any of the given perspectives, it will be very difficult to score above a 2 or 3 in the Ideas and Analysis Domain. With the above "Intelligent Machines" prompt, for instance, you'd need to compare your position to at least one of the following: how machines cause us to lose our own humanity (Perspective One), how they are efficient and create prosperity (Perspective Two), and how machines challenge us and push us to new possibilities (Perspective Three). Development and Support You must: Support your discussion of each perspective with either reasoning or example. There are a couple of ways you can support your arguments. One way is to use reasoning, which tends to be more abstract. For example, if you were using reasoning to support your argument for Perspective Two, you could discuss how machines taking over lower skill jobs frees up humans to do higher skilled tasks that require more creative thinking. The other way you can support your points is through use of specific examples. For example, to support Perspective Two, you could use the example of how the mass-production of clothes has made it less expensive for everyone to own things like good boots. For a high score in this domain, you must: Discuss both positive and negative aspects of the perspectives you disagree with as well. In order to achieve a high score in this domain, you must show that you understand the complexities of the issue. The main way to do this is to discuss the pros as well as the cons of the perspectives you disagree with. For instance, if you agree with Perspective Two in the above prompt (machines make us more efficient and that’s good), when you discuss Perspective One you should provide a brief instance of that perspective being "sort of" true before moving on to show how it is not as true as Perspective Two. Learn how to juggle both sides of a perspective in our article on how to write an ACT essay step-by-step. Organization You must: Group your ideas logically. Writing an organized essay will make it easier for the essay graders to follow your logic and reasoning. Grouping your ideas logically can mean separating out ideas into different paragraphs (for instance, putting each perspective into its own paragraph), or it can involve clearly linking different aspects of the same idea in the same paragraph. No matter how you plan out your essay, try to make it as easy as possible to follow your arguments. Language Use You must: Write clearly. Being able to communicate clearly is a key skill for college and life in general, so it makes sense that it would be tested on the ACT (a college entrance exam). ACT essay graders care more about the clarity of your thoughts than the fanciness of your language. Clarity of writing normally entails using proper grammar and clear, non-convoluted sentence structures. Throwing in fancy vocab won’t get you anywhere if it makes things less clear instead of more clear (I've seen this happen too many times to count). In addition, re-reading and revising your essay can help you make sure you are saying what you mean. Example of an unclear sentence: Machines are more practical because they are cheaper and so you can hire less people to do the work and pay less money overall and so you have a better profit margin. Example of a clearer sentence (revised): Machines are more practical and cheaper in the long run because you can higher fewer people to get the same work done. Dà ©tail de la machine vapeur Merlin by Frà ©dà ©ric BISSON, used under CC BY 2.0/Resized from original. TURNS out, the steam engine was more practical (and cheaper in the long run) than a thousand people pushing and pulling a train by hand. What Does This Mean for Your ACT Essay? From the lists of actions above, you can probably tell that the most important part of the ACT essay is to be clear. The ACT Writing test is designed to measure insight, not just how advanced your vocabulary is. Remember to... Be clear up front what your perspective on the issue is. Don't hide your thesis. Make it obvious when you’re discussing each perspective (and make sure to discuss the relationship between your perspective and at least one other). Support each argument with reasoning and/or specific examples. Take time to plan so you can write an organized essay. Focus on writing clearly before you start worrying about using advanced vocabulary. What’s Next? Want to learn more about how to write an ACT essay? Read my step-by-step guide to ACT Writing. You've learned what your essay needs to include. But how you do you decode the prompt? Follow along as I teach you how to attack ACT Writing prompts. Is a longer ACT essay always a better ACT essay? Find out how essay length can affect your score on ACT Writing here. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this ACT Writing lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get your ACT essays hand-graded by a master instructor who will give you customized feedback on how you can improve. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. 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Comparative Criminology - Prostitution in China and the USA Essay

Comparative Criminology - Prostitution in China and the USA - Essay Example The interpretavist approach is sceptical of universal interpretations and brings the variations as a result of cultures to surface. Interpretavist approach is based on orientalism whereby, they focus more on bringing out the differences. On the other hand, positivism is based on Occidentalism that denies differences and aims on establishing generalizations and similarities. (Maguire et.al, 2007 & Cain, 2000, 239-260) Therefore, the aforementioned approaches to the subject have been deemed very useful in further elaborating it; however, using an example to demonstrate the subject will provide empirical evidences and knowledge regarding the subject. Therefore, in order to shed greater light on the matter, the following substance of the prose will examine the exact nature; similarities and differences between the criminal behaviour as a result of cultural and epidemiological variations. (Cain, 2000, 239-260) II. Prostitution in China and the United States of America Prostitution is the act of providing sexual services in return for a monetary payment, and is one of the oldest known professions. Individuals involved in this profession are called ‘prostitutes’ and the legality of this activity varies from country to country. Prostitutes and brothels, which are special establishment that are the foreground of prostitution, pervade societies from the world over. Though, it exists in every society and culture but the main focus will remain on China and America. As it is mentioned earlier, prostitution is one of the oldest known professions; therefore, the most fundamental similarity between both countries would be that the sex industry has been in existence for a very long time. In both countries, women are largely involved in... The essay "Comparative Criminology - Prostitution in China and the USA" examines the exact nature, similarities and differences between the criminal behavior as a result of cultural and epidemiological variations. Prostitution is the act of providing sexual services in return for a monetary payment and is one of the oldest known professions. Individuals involved in this profession are called ‘prostitutes’ and the legality of this activity varies from country to country. Prostitutes and brothels, which are a special establishment that is the foreground of prostitution, pervade societies from the world over. Though it exists in every society and culture the main focus will remain on China and America. Prostitution is one of the oldest known professions; therefore, the most fundamental similarity between both countries would be that the sex industry has been in existence for a very long time. In both countries, women are largely involved in prostitution cases; though in the last few decades male prostitution has also surfaced and they also include people who have immigrant status in the country. The sex industry in China and the United Stated of America has been on the boom, prior to the massive attention it has attracted from the media and the way it is portrayed by them. After the communist revolution in China, the ruling faction in China established a resolve to eradicate prostitution and brothels from China, a social issue that had become quite rampant in both urban and rural regions of the country.

A scientific report about air pollution due to automotive emissions Lab

A scientific about air pollution due to automotive emissions - Lab Report Example Nevertheless, the increased levels, even in converters that are 10 years old, are still lower than the emissions of engines that do not have converters. The world’s population doubled from 3 billion in 1959 to 6 billion in 1999 (International Data Base, 2008). This rapid rise has led to increased demand and use of modern transportation, majority of which, run on the fossil fuels petroleum and diesel. The burning of fossil fuels to power automotives results in production of compounds that do not burn completely to their elemental forms. These products are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxides. Carbon monoxide is toxic even in small amounts. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas, contributing largely to global warming. Nitrous oxides react with water in the environment and are a major contributor to acid rain and the consequent problems associated with acid rain (Driscoll, 2001). Reducing vehicular emissions can be achieved by the use of a catalytic converter, which first came about in 1975 (Environmental Protection Agency, 1994). This simple device is used to reduce harmful emissions to less harmful forms and amounts. As the name implies, the catalytic converter acts by mediating the conversion of nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to nitrogen gas, oxygen and carbon dioxide. The converter has both reduction and oxidation catalysts consisting of a ceramic structure coated with the metal catalysts (platinum, rhodium and/or palladium, and recently, gold). Gold, aside from being cheaper, increases oxidation by up to 40 percent (Kanellos, 2007). Exhaust coming from the engine passes through the converter and is released after the gases have been transformed to less harmful compounds. The objectives of this experiment were to compare the emission levels of automotive that are run by diesel and petrol without catalytic converters, and to test the effect of converter age and speed of the vehicle

Electronic Control Unit And Engine Management System Engineering Essay

Electronic Control Unit And Engine Management System Engineering Essay Ever since we have established RHR Engineering workshop, we have carried out several ECU (Electronic Control Unit) mapping. Keeping this in mind, I have decided to make a report on ECU, and its operation for our technicians. This report will instruct our technicians on ECU operation, function, features, and its principles. P1 The ECU (Electronic Control Unit) or otherwise known as Engine Management System is a computer which controls every action and reaction of the Engine. The ECU consists of an 8-32bit microprocessor, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), and an Input/Output interface, Analogue Digital converters and in some cases Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM). Random Access Memory (RAM) is a flash memory, which is erased once the car is switched off. It provides the ECU with the data which is needed at the moment of operation. Whereas, Read Only Memory (ROM) is permanent memory, therefore it is non-erasable. It stores all the functions, and module of the operating systems e.g. Ignition Timing, Injection Timing. EEPROM is a sophisticated type of memory, which could be found in Aftermarket, and High Valued vehicles. The Function remains the same as ROM, but the function module could be edited or erased by the driver according to his/her desire, via sending comm ands through on dash buttons or by connecting a Computer to the ECU (only in case of Aftermarket ECU). EEPROM provides the driver with choice of driving style, performance output, and handling characteristics. Analogue digital converters are used to converts digital signals into analogue signals and vice versa. For example, speed sensors convert digital signal into analogue signal i.e. Speed gauge. gsensorinstall The ECU controls almost all the running gear of the vehicle. The main operating system, which ECU has to control in order to run the engine, is the Fuel Injection System, Ignition Timing, and the Idle Speed Control system. Based on information from the input sensors (engine coolant temperature sensor, Manifold Absolute Pressure sensor, Air Flow sensor etc.), the ECU determines optimum settings for the output actuators (Injectors, Idle Speed Control Valve etc.). Modern day Vehicles are equipped with sophisticated ECUs. They have several other features such as, Traction Control, Cruise Control, Active Suspension, Electronic Ignition System, Variable Valve Timing activator, and ABS (Anti-Lock Brake System). They also work as diagnostic software, as it houses several Sensors and Actuators around the vehicle. The ECU operates on information sent by the sensors. If any correction is to be made, or if any function needs to be carried out, it does it using actuators. Input signal are received by the sensors and output signals are given to the actuators. All the information is processed in digital format. Motronic_english The main function of the ECU is to carry out checks to ensure correct running of the engine. The most common checks are as follows: Fuel injection: Ignition timing Idle Emission control These checks are necessary so that the vehicle will meet the emission standards, maintain fuel economy, and be reliable. P2 The input signals received by the ECU are sent by the Sensors. The sensors act as a stimulus of the ECU. The 3 most commonly found Sensors are described as follows: 1) Air mass meter: There are 2 types of air mass meter, hot wire type, and vane type. They both serve the same function, although the material used is different. An air mass meter is located after the air filter and before the intake plenum. The air mass meter provides the ECU with an analogue signal that indicates the amount of air being drawn into the engine. The ECU then takes this value to add the correct amount of fuel to maintain the 14.7:1, air: fuel ratio. ford_probe_air_mass_meter The most common type of air mass meter is the HOT Wire type air mass meter. It is mainly used in multi-point injector system. It uses an electrified wire, which acts as a resistor. During operation the wire is heated, but when the air passes over the heated wire, it cools, thus changing the resistance. The ECU monitors the resistance value and can work out how much air is entering the engine. AirMassMeterWire 2) Oxygen/ Lambda Sensor: The main function of the oxygen sensor is to measure the amount of oxygen content exiting the exhaust. It also serves the purpose to ensure that the air/fuel mixture is chemically correct. An oxygen sensor is fitted between the exhaust manifold and the catalyst converter. oxygen_sensor_1 sensor4 Oxygen sensor has to heat up to approx 350 degrees Celsius to work properly. They send a signal to the ECU via voltage to enable the ECU to maintain, or to correct the air/ fuel ratio. The ceramic tip on the end of the oxygen sensor that protrudes into the exhaust manifold becomes porous and allows the oxygen ions to flow through the tip. This creates the signal voltage, which changes with change in oxygen level inside the exhaust. This signal is therefore transmitted to the fuel injection or to the ECU, which alters the fuel quantity as necessary, until the oxygen content of the exhaust gas is correct for efficient catalytic converter operation, and to maintain fuel economy. 3) Throttle position sensor: It detects the position of the throttle plate. The ECU maintains the engine idle speed at a given value e.g. 800 revs per minute. The ECU identifies when the engine is at idle from the information supplied by the throttle position sensor. T-BodySm The throttle position sensor incorporates a potentiometer. The wiper of the potentiometer is connected to the throttle plate, so that as the throttle is moved from the closed, to wide-open, the voltage signal from the sensor changes. The voltage signal is passed to the ECU, and used to determine the exact position of the throttle, and the rate at which the throttle is being opened and closed. It helps the ECU to access driverà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s intensions, such as the intention to rapidly accelerate, by detecting the speed or the rate at which the throttle is being opened. P3 The output signal from the ECU is received by the Actuators. An actuator is a mechanical device which transforms electrical signal into kinetic / mechanical energy. E.g. Injectors, Fuel Pump, idle speed control valve. There are 3 types of actuators, Solenoid type e.g. Injector, EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve) Valve, Stepper Motor type e.g. Idle Speed Control Valve, and a DC (Direct Current) Motor type e.g. Fuel Pump. solenoid The Solenoid type actuator uses a coil of wire around a soft metal, through which when the current passes it produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (linear motion) e.g. Injector Injector: fuelinjector The function of the injector is to deliver a finely atomized spray of fuel to the inlet manifold or the cylinder head. It is located on the inlet manifold after the throttle body. injector solenoid off The injector solenoid is connected directly to the battery via a relay; the earth circuit for the injector is connected to the ECU. When the ECU completes the earth circuit the injector circuit is completed. Once the injector circuit is completed, the current is passed to the solenoid (electromagnetic Coil); this in turn produces magnetic energy, and attracts the plunger (needle valve), thus opening the diffuser nozzle, and delivering fuel to the inlet manifold or the combustion chamber. injector solenoid on A DC (Direct Current) Motor coverts electrical energy into mechanical energy (rotary motion). The most common example of DC motor type actuator is Fuel Pump. motor The DC motor works by electromagnetism. The magnetic force acts perpendicular to both wire and magnetic field. When electric current passes through a coil in a magnetic field, the magnetic force produces torque which turns the DC motor. Fuel Pump: The fuel pump supplies the injector with adequate fuel at a sufficient pressure to allow the injectors to give good atomization. In modern day vehicles it is located inside the fuel tank, in order to keep the pump cool, and reduce the noise of operation. Electric_Fuel_Pump Unlike the Stepper Motor, the fuel pump runs on a DC (Direct Current) Motor, therefore it has a continuous operation, and earth connection. Modern day vehicle are fitted with High Pressure Roller- Cell type fuel pumps. The Roller cell Pump is an example of DC motor, as it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (rotary motion). When the fuel enters the pump it is compressed by rotating cells which force it through the pump at a high pressure. efi_1-0 The pump can produce a pressure of 8 bar (120 psi. Within the pump is a pressure limiting valve, which maintain the pressure through the fuel pump. The other end of the pump (output) is home to a non-return valve which, when the voltage to the pump is removed, it closes the return to the tank, and maintains pressure within the system. The normal operating pressure within this system is approximately 2 bar (30 psi), at which the current draw on the pump is 3 to 5 amps. Stepper Motor is an analogue actuator. They are used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (rotational movement). Unlike a conventional motor, a stepper motor will rotate but in stages and not full rotations, therefore it can open and close airways partially. step-rot The most common type of stepper motor actuator is an Idle Speed Control Valve. Idle Speed Control Valve (ISCV): The Idle Speed Control Valve is used to either regulate the bypass of air around the throttle butterfly or as a throttle motor controlling the position of the throttle butterfly. The ECU constantly alters the control signal to the motor or valve to maintain a constant idle speed. T-BodySm In an idle speed control valve, a stepper motor is built into the ISCV where it rotates a valve shaft either in or out. This in turn increases or decreases the clearance between the valve and the valve seat, therefore regulating the amount of air allowed to pass through thus controlling the idle. The idle increases when the Air Condition is switched on, this is because of the load on engine received by Air Condition. M2 Performance of the sensors depends on their location. A hot wire air mass meter will not perform well if it was placed above the exhaust manifold, as it will heat the wire, and give false reading of air drawn in. This error will result in incorrect air/fuel mixture, high engine temperature, and producing far more emissions. An oxygen sensor will perform best at approximately 350 °C. the operating temperature of the sensor is affected by the location in the exhaust: too close to the exhaust manifold can lead to overheating, this will result in burning the heating element or the filaments inside thus emitting harmful gases (CO, HC) in the atmosphere, too far from the exhaust manifold and the sensor may not reach its correct operating temperature, this will result in emitting harmful gases (CO, HC) in the atmosphere. gsensorboard The location of the ECU also matters. Keeping the ECU in the engine bay can overheat the processor inside the ECU causing delays in input and output signals. The best location for the ECU is under the Passenger compartment, this will keep the temperature low, and it is beneficial for the micro processor to perform its task well. M1 Earlier example of ECU were not as sophisticated as modern ECU. Older ECUs were used on Single Point Injector system. They were simpler than the modern day ECU, as it used fewer components, and had less function to carry out. 10 Single Point injection ECU had to only carry out fuel injection; it still used the conventional ignition system, and had very few sensors, and actuators. Against the modern day ECU it has few advantages and disadvantages. Advantages Disadvantages Fewer components therefore cutting cost Less control over the engine Less components to go wrong Manual diagnostic Fuel is well atomized Inappropriate fuel distribution Having less components means it had less control over correct running of the engine, and meeting the emission standards. This major disadvantage lead to the development of a much sophisticated ECU which could be found in modern day vehicle e.g. Multi-Point Injection System. multipoint Multi-Point injection system houses more sensors and actuators than the Single Point injection system. The components used in addition to Single Point injection are mentioned below. Climate control Cruise Control Traction control Pre and Post Lambda sensor. Variable Valve Timing actuator. Knock Sensor Oil Sensor Hall Effect Sensor One major addition to the whole operation of the multi-point injection system is the ignition system. Multi Point injection system uses individual coil per each cylinder, whereas Single Point injection system uses the conventional ignition system. The basic principle of operation for each coil remains the same as the conventional. By having single coil per cylinder, the time available to build up coil energy is greater than having a single coil providing spark to all cylinders. For example on an eight cylinder engine with eight individual ignition coils, each coil will have 8 x longer time to complete one whole ignition cycle compared to the conventional engine using single coil for all cylinders. The available à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“dwellà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ time is therefore also up to eight times longer. And there will no wasted spark. Therefore, the car will need no tuning for speed advance, or load advance, and spark will me more efficient. Multi-Point injection system has more components, therefore having more control over the engine, and meeting the emission standard. It helps the engine to run more cleaner, and perform better, with respect to any weather conditions. It also improves the fuel economy, as distribution of fuel is appropriate to each cylinder.

Emile Durkheim: Social Change Theory Essay

Emile Durkheim, the father of sociology, in his text the Rules of Sociological Method, has asserted that the disciplinal distinction between the social and natural sciences necessitates the differentiation in the variables and processes of analysis. This is why the idea of social facts was conceived, to refer to the intangibles that occur as product of social interactions between humans, who creates realities because of the constant cycle of agreement-disagreement, decision-making, and rationalization. The observable, and sometimes unconscious, social occurrences and structures that operate in the society are what constitute social facts. The social facts are realities that are not stagnant and inflexible as they are constantly subject to social change. The social change theory is the understanding that the dynamic interactions in the social milieu create phenomena that is continual and constant – change. This change is hence the product of societal structures that determines processes and mechanisms that results in particular outcomes. The Social Change Theory It is important to note that throughout history, different scholars offered different lenses in analyzing the reality of social change. How a particular thinker perceives the concept of change has often mirrored the social conditions of the era. Haferkamp and Smelser (1998) notes that it was during the French and Industrial Revolutions, periods of social dynamism, has ushered the focus and locus on the concept of social change in the understanding of the interaction and vibrancy of units of the society. Philosophical thinkers had thus began the movement from the recognition of natural constants and the inclination to support contractual, natural occurrences, to eventually recognize the potentiality of social change as the theoretical angle in comprehension of social phenomena. The understanding of social change does not confine itself to the elucidation of the present, but also the explication of historical experiences of humans, like the ancient empires or the civilizations. Meanwhile, the contemporary approach of social change theory develops itself into creating an order that is more generalized so as to illuminate the problems and processes of change in a broader view of the present and the past. According to Haferkamp and Smelser (1998), the theory of social must include three fundamental elements that relates and links up to one another: (1) structural determinants, (2) processes and mechanisms, and (3) directions and consequences. Below is the graphical illustration of the elements of social change: The above representation may seem simple, but the social change follows the process, of mechanisms and social processes being dictated by structural determinants, which results into outputs and consequences that are accumulated. It is also important to note that although the social change theories are considered fundamentals in the sociological study and discipline, it is nevertheless wanting of more theoretical development. Social change theories are in fact not devoid of problems. Although social changes is beyond the limits and often exceeds the explanations of single (mono-causal) theories, such theory is still consequential in explaining some realities. Such theories of course tend to disintegrate once confronted by changes that are unprecedented or when employed for purposes of prescription or prediction. Meanwhile, the complex multi-causal theories encounters difficulty in harmonizing multitudes of variables and determinants that produces multiple outcomes, making it more difficult to construct. The prospects of social change theory are of course not to be denied, as it aptly explains the dynamic structures that operate in the social setting. The contribution of Emile Durkheim, which would be discussed in the subsequent paragraphs, contributed immensely in the crafting and development of the theories of social change. Durkheim’s Theory of Social Change The air does not cease to have weight, although we do not feel that weight. –Emile Durkheim The contribution of Durkheim of the idea of â€Å"social facts† has contributed vastly to the sociological analysis during his and the contemporary period, as he poses the hypothesis that humans are essentially surrounded and enclosed in the countless facts and realities, which is in existence even without recognition or knowledge of such particular reality. Similar to the person’s inability to always feel the weight of the air, it does not signify the absence of the weight or of the air; this illustrates how people are not always capable of discerning realities – social facts, whose presence in fact are never absent or lacking, as these facts constantly moves people forward and affect behavior and actions. It awareness only becomes apparent in situations where one deviates from it, like for instance, we become aware of the culture of respect/cleanliness when someone throws his debris on the street. Social transformations are experienced in events where the unexpected and unprecedented is what transpires, and these are essentially the instances that advance the knowledge of the sociologist/philosopher. For Durkheim, social change is represented by transformations in the social morphology -or the structure of social relations that links individuals into a coherent entity, society- and the moral structure -or the body of laws, norms, and sanctions that regulate social life. (Hadis, Sociology and Social Change) For Durkheim, the point of the study of social sciences if to focus on facts that are essentially dissimilar and varied from the subject of the natural science, which is why something as intangible as, for example, culture, is a point of discussion and analysis for Durkheim. Social science hence is a study that distinguishes itself from the natural science, and therefore necessitates recognition of facts that are products of human and social interaction – social fact. Durkheim studies he reasons why suicide happens,w hich he concludes is a product of normlessness, which is a product of prevailing culture, which mirrors life of the individual – and what is more intangible than culture and life. Durkheim was concerned with anomie, a pathological -and, thus, temporary- characteristic of societies in which the division of labor does not evolve naturally, but may be forced by unequal social relations among classes. (Hadis, Sociology and Social Change) Durkheim’s scheme of social change involves a contrast between a simple division of labor and a corresponding mechanic solidarity, on the one hand, and a complex division of labor accompanied now by what he called organic solidarity, on the other. (Hadis, Sociologya and Social Change) The anomie is in the society is used by Durkheim to defer to the declining morality of individuals, and it is something that confronts the individual when they are not bounded by moral constraints, therefore creating confusions between what is morally right or otherwise. It is in the context of collective social morality that social change is most mirrored and become promising. In a society that gives premium to individualism, which is not morally bad (except for egoism), the solution is the formation of collective morality. The point of social change hence is that social facts are constantly subject to transformations and evolutions that are responses to existing values, situations, and structures that determine social outcomes and processes. Durkheim uses differentiation in his explication of the social change theory; Alexander (in Haferkamp and Smelser, 1992) explains it clearly: He used differentiation theory to grope with issues that are generic to the study of social changes as such. Each of Division’s three parts represents one important way in which social change has been conceptualized: through the construction of general models, through developing accounts of social process, and through historically specific analyses of tensions and strains. Durkheim’s problem, in other words, is an enduring one with which every perspective on change must come to grips. The problem of integration is one of the fundamental problems for Durkheim. In the reality of social change in how the labor structure is being organized, how is it therefore possible for the society to maintain order and stability? Durkheim has highlighted in his work how the perpetual action diversity has affected the society, and how the process and social structures has taken the perpetual cycle of bound and rebound. The social change theory of Emile Durkheim gives the clear picture of how cultural determinants are strong factors for the change dynamics and outcomes in the society. Differentiation hence becomes important, as social phenomena are complex occurrences that are not capable of being confined by inflexible theories. The understanding of social change is a product therefore of the analytical accommodation to encompass and recognize the cultural and social facts that operates and dictates the transformations occurring in the social milieu. References Durkheim, Emile. (1982). The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method. Steven Lukes, Ed. USA: The Free Press. Hadis, Benjamin. â€Å"Sociology and Social Change†. Accessed 22 January 2008 Haferkamp, Hans and Neil Smelser, Eds. (1992). Social Change and Modernity. USA: University of California Press. Noble, Trevor. (2000). Social Theory and Social Change. USA: Palgrave.

In the Skin of a Lion Essay - 996 Words

In the Skin of a Lion Historical Obliviousness in Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion Michael Ondaatjes In the Skin of a Lion narrates the forgotten stories of those who contributed to the building of the city Toronto, particularly immigrants and marginal individuals. In the very first page of the novel, Ondaatje stresses the concern with personal narratives and the act of storytelling: This is the story a young girl gathers in a car during the early hours of the morning [...] She listens to the man as he picks up and brings together various corners of the story... (4). Similar to Crossing the River, there is a framework story, that of a man telling a story to a girl, that opens and ends the novel and gives coherence to†¦show more content†¦However instead of employing historical contexts to create the tension, Ondaatje makes subtle but explicit comments on historical oblivion to individuals and their stories. History is implicitly considered as a master narrative that allows no space to articulate local narratives and to account for the richness, variet y and complexity of human experience. To counterbalance the omissions and partiality of the historical master narrative, the alternative Ondaatje proposes is to privilege and celebrate a plurality of private and local narratives that give voice to the forgotten of History. Caravaggio, for example, is sadly aware of his being left out of the History of the city he has helped to build. Like Nicholas Temelcoff, he is painfully conscious of his anonymity and marginality: He was anonymous.[...] He would never leave his name where his skill had been. He was one of those who have a fury or a sadness of only being described by someone else (199). His story has never been legitimised. When Nicholas Temelcoff realises how he has been sewn into history. [He decides] he will begin to tell stories (149) to appropriate his own life. As the title of the novel indicates, to take responsibility for ones own story and for its narration is a way of legitimising and appropriating ones life in order to compensate for historical omissions. Alices explanation of the meaning of the title emphasises the importance of telling personal stories: Each personShow MoreRelatedIn the Skin of a Lion Anaylsis Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the ways in which textual forms and features shape your understanding of In the Skin of a Lion. Michael Ondaatje’s postmodern exploration of the early, developmental years of Canada, In the Skin of a Lion, is expressed through multiple perspectives, with no dominant perspective or omniscient narrator. The narrative is presented as fragmented and contains interruptions from intersecting perspectives. 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The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) by Victor Hugo

Count Frollo, Quasimodo, and Esmeralda are quite possibly the most twisted, most bizarre, and most unexpected love-triangle in literary history.  And if their problematic involvement with one another is not enough, throw-in Esmeralda’s philosopher husband, Pierre, and her unrequited love-interest, Phoebus, not to mention the self-isolated mother-in-mourning with a sad history of her own, and Frollo’s younger, trouble-making brother Jehan, and finally the various kings, burgesses, students, and thieves, and suddenly we have an epic history in the making. The Leading Role The main character, as it turns out, is not Quasimodo or Esmeralda, but Notre-Dame itself.  Almost all of the major scenes in the novel, with a few exceptions (such as Pierre’s presence at the Bastille) take place at or in view of/reference to the great cathedral. Victor Hugo’s primary purpose is not to present the reader with a heart-rending love story, nor is it necessarily to comment on social and political systems of the time; the main purpose is a nostalgic view of a diminishing Paris, one which puts its architecture and architectural history in the forefront and which laments the loss of that high art.   Hugo is clearly concerned with the public’s lack of commitment toward preserving the rich architectural and artistic history of Paris, and this purpose comes across directly, in chapters about the architecture specifically, and indirectly, through the narrative itself. Hugo is concerned with one character above all in this story, and that is the cathedral.  While other characters have interesting backgrounds and do develop slightly over the course of the story, none seem truly round.  This is a minor point of contention because though the story may have a loftier sociological and artistic purpose, it loses something by not also working completely as a stand-alone narrative.   One can certainly empathize with Quasimodo’s dilemma, for instance, when he finds himself caught between the two loves of his life, Count Frollo  and Esmeralda.  The sub-story relating to the mourning  woman who has locked herself in a cell, weeping over a child’s shoe is also moving, but ultimately unsurprising.  Count Frollo’s descent from learned man and upstanding caregiver is not entirely unbelievable, but it still seems sudden and quite dramatic.   These subplots suit the Gothic element of the story nicely and also parallel Hugo’s analysis of science versus religion physical art versus linguistics, yet the characters seem flat in relation to the overall attempt by Hugo to re-instill, through means of Romanticism, a renewed passion for the Gothic era. In the end, the characters and their interactions are interesting and, at times, moving and hilarious.  The reader can engage with and, to a certain extent, believe them, but they are not perfect characters. What moves this story along so well, even through chapters such as â€Å"A Bird’s Eye View of Paris† which is, literally, a textual description of the city of Paris as if looking at it from on high and in all directions, is Hugo’s great ability at crafting words, phrases and sentences.   Although inferior to Hugo’s masterpiece, Les Misà ©rables (1862), one thing the two have in common is richly beautiful and workable prose.  Hugo’s sense of humor (especially sarcasm and irony) is well developed and leaps across the page. His Gothic elements are appropriately dark, even surprisingly so at times. Adapting a Classic What is most interesting about Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris is that everyone knows the story, but few really know the story.  There have been numerous adaptations of this work, for film, theater, television, etc.  Most people are probably familiar with the story through various retellings in children’s books or movies (i.e. Disney’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame).  Those of us who are only familiar with this story as told through the grapevine are led to believe that it is a tragic Beauty and the Beast type love-story, where true love rules in the end.  This explanation of the tale could not be further from the truth. Notre-Dame de Paris  is first and foremost a story about art, mainly, architecture. It is a romanticizing  of the Gothic period and a study of the movements which brought together traditional art forms and oratory with the novel idea of a printing press. Yes, Quasimodo and Esmeralda are there and their story is a sad one and yes, Count Frollo turns out to be a downright despicable antagonist; but, ultimately, this, like Les Misà ©rables  is more than a story about its characters; it is a story about the whole history of Paris and about the absurdities of the caste system.   This may be the first novel where beggars and thieves are cast as the protagonists and also the first novel in which the entire societal structure of a nation, from King to peasant, is present. It is also one of the first and most prominent works to feature a structure (the Cathedral of Notre-Dame) as the main character. Hugo’s approach would influence Charles Dickens, Honorà ©Ã‚  de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, and other sociological â€Å"writers of the people.† When one thinks of writers who are geniuses at fictionalizing the history of a people, the first who comes to mind might be Leo Tolstoy, but Victor Hugo certainly belongs in the conversation.